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Psyco 239 > Assessment, Classification, and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour > Flashcards

Assessment, Classification, and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Assessment

A

Provides a wealth of information about a clients’ personality and cognitive functioning
Methods must be reliable and valid

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2
Q

Reliability

A

Internal consistency
Temporal stability
Interrater reliability

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3
Q

Validity

A

Content validity
Criterion validity
Construct validity

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4
Q

Sociocultural and Ethnic Factors in the Assessment of Abnormal Behaviour

A

Assessment techniques may be reliable and valid in one culture but not in another
Most diagnostic instruments consider culture but fail to provide adequate norms for different cultural and ethnic groups
Differences when interviews are conducted in a language other than the client’s mother tongue

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5
Q

The Clinical Interview

A

The most widely used method of assessment

Gather information about complaints, precipitating events, how the problem affects daily functioning

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6
Q

The Three Major Types of Clinical Interviews

A

Unstructured
Semi-structured
Structured

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7
Q

The Unstructured Interview

A

Interviewers determine which questions to ask rather than following a standard interview format

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8
Q

The Semi-structured Interview

A

Interview in which interviewers are guided by a general outline but are free to modify the order in which questions are asked and to branch off in other directions

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9
Q

The Structured Interview

A

Follows a preset series of questions in a particular order

Provides the highest level of reliability and consistency in reaching diagnostic judgements

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10
Q

Mental Status Examination

A 
Structured clinical evaluation to determine various aspects of a client's mental functioning 
Evaluate:
-appearance 
-mood, attention, perception, memory
-orientation
-level of awareness 
-judgement in making life decisions
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11
Q

What are the 5 P’s?

A 
Presenting issues 
Precipitating factors
-triggers
Perpetuating factors
-what keeps the problem going
Predisposing factors 
-what led to these problems starting
Protective factors
-strengths
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12
Q

What is Intelligence?

A

Global capacity to understand the world and cope with its challenges
Traits associated with a successful performance on intelligence tests

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13
Q

Mental Age

A

Age equivalent that corresponds to the person’s level of intelligence, as measured by performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

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14
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

IQ = MA/CAx100

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15
Q

The Wechsler Scales

A

Wechsler’s scales include both verbal and performance subtests
Verbal subsets generally require knowledge of verbal concepts
Performance subtests rely more on spatial relations skills

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16
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMP 1-2-R F)

A

Contains 338 true-false statements that assess personality
Used as a test of personality and assisting in the diagnosis of abnormal behaviour patterns
Contains validity scales to detect response biases

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17
Q

Objective Tests

A

Tests that allow a limited, specific range of response options or answers so that they can be scored objectively

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18
Q

Forced-choice Formats

A

Method of structuring test questions that require respondents to select among a set number of possible answers

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19
Q

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

A person’s responses to inkblots are used to reveal aspects of their personality

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20
Q

Evaluation of the Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

Lack of standard scoring procedures
Interpretation of a person’s responses is not objective
Depends on the subjective judgement of the examiner

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21
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Consists of a series of cards depicting ambiguous scenes
Respondents are asked to construct stories about the cards
Assumed that their tales reflect their experiences and outlooks on life

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22
Q

Evaluation of the TAT

A

The client’s response may represent a reaction to stimulus cues rather than projections of their personality
Scoring and interpretation of the responses largely depends on the clinician’s subjective impressions

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23
Q

House Tree Person Test

A

Respondents draw a house, tree, and person

Represents one’s cognitive, emotional, and social functioning

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24
Q

Neuropsychological Assessment

A

Used to evaluate whether or not psychological problems reflect underlying neurological damage or brain defects

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25
Q

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test

A

Respondents copy geometric designs and then are asked to redraw them from memory
If there is any damage this can be indicated by rotation of figures, distortions in shape, incorrect sizing

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26
Q

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB)

A

Reveals patterns of skill deficits that are suggestive of particular sites of brain damage

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27
Q

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB)

A

Permits the psychologist to observe patterns of results, and various patterns of performance are suggestive of certain kinds of brain defects, such as those occurring following a brain injury

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28
Q

Psychometric Approach

A

Used to identify and measure the reasonably stable traits in an individual’s personality that are believed to largely determine their behaviour

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29
Q

Behavioural Approach

A

Behaviour is primarily determined by environmental or situational factors, such as stimulus cues and reinforcements

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30
Q

Behavioural Assessment

A

Clinical assessment that focuses on the objective recording or description of problem behaviour rather than on inferences about personality traits

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31
Q

Behavioural Interview

A

Approach to clinical interviewing that focuses on relating problem behaviour to antecedent stimuli and reinforcement consequences

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32
Q

Direct Observation

A

Psychologist directly observes their client in different setting to evaluate the interactions between the client and others and make suggestions

33
Q

Evaluation of Direct Observation

A

Does not rely on self-reports; may be distorted to make a favourable or unfavourable impression
Behavioural observation can suggest strategies for intervention
Lack of reliability or inconsistency of measurement across time or between observers

34
Q

Self-Monitoring

A

Process of recording or observing one’s own behaviour, thoughts, emotions
Easily recorded behaviours

35
Q

Cognitive Assessment

A

Involves the assessment of cognitions

36
Q

Methods of Cognitive Assessment

A

Thought diaries
Automatic thoughts questionnaire
Dysfunctional attitudes scale

37
Q

Electrodermal Response

A

Changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin following exposure to a stimulus

38
Q

Galvanic Skin Response

A

Skin electrical conductivity following sweating basically

39
Q

EEG

A

Instrument for measuring brain waves

40
Q

EMG

A

Instrument used in biofeedback training for measuring muscle tension

41
Q

Brain Imaging and Recording Techniques

A 
CT scans
PET scans
MRI
fMRI
BEAM
MEG
42
Q

Sociocultural Factors in Psychological Assessment

A

Reliability and validity of assessment tools may be culture-specific
Disentangling psychopathology from sociocultural factors
Issues of translation

43
Q

What System do we use to classify abnormal behaviour?

A

We use the DSM-V in North America

44
Q

What are the features of the DSM?

A

Abnormal behaviour patterns are classified as mental disorders
The DSM classifies disorders people have, not the people themselves
Descriptive, not explanatory
Specific diagnostic criteria are used
Abnormal behaviour patterns that share features are grouped together
A diagnosis is only given when the minimum number of symptoms or features are present to meet the diagnostic criteria

45
Q

Evaluation of the DSM System

A

Has reliability, validity, and predictive validity but struggles to incorporate cultural factors

46
Q

What are culture-bound disorders?

A

Disorders only found in one or a few cultures

47
Q

Why is it important to classify abnormal behaviour?

A

Researchers could not properly communicate without proper classification
Treatment decisions can be made from classification
Can help predict behaviour
Help researchers identify populations with similar patterns of abnormal behaviour

48
Q

How is the DSM-V Multidimensional?

A

Specifiers in the DSM-V

  • course
  • severity
  • frequency
  • duration
  • descriptive features
49
Q

What are clinical psychologists?

A

People with a masters or PhD in psychology

Administer psychological tests, diagnose mental disorders, practice psychotherapy

50
Q

What are psychiatrists?

A

People with an MD and special training in psychiatry
Specialize in diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, psychotherapy, diagnostic interviews
Administer prescriptions and other medical interventions

51
Q

What are social workers?

A

Have a masters in social work
Knowledge of community agencies and organizations to help people with sever mental disorders receive the services
Conduct psychotherapy or specialize in couples or family therapy

52
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

Field of study that examines the effects of drugs on behaviour and psychological functioning
Explores the use of psychoactive drugs in the treatment of emotional disorders

53
Q

Antipsychotic Drugs

A

Also called neuroleptics
Treats schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
Phenothiazines

54
Q

Antidepressants

A

TCA’s
MAO inhibiters
SSRIs
SNRIs

55
Q

Lithium

A

Effective in stabilizing dramatic mood swings associated with bipolar disorder

56
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

Used today to relieve severe depression

Causes memory loss

57
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

Involves implanting electrodes within the part of the brain that affects mood

58
Q

Psychodynamic Therapies

A

View psychological problems as rooted in early childhood experience

  • free association
  • transference
  • dream analysis
  • moder psychodynamic approaches
59
Q

Behaviour Therapy

A

Apply principles of learning to help clients make adaptive changes in their behaviour
Focus is on changing behaviour not personality
Therapy lasts a few weeks or months

60
Q

Systematic Desensitization

A

A therapeutic program of exposure to progressively more fearful stimuli while one remains deeply relaxed

61
Q

Gradual Exposure

A

Purposely exposure yourself to stimuli that evoke your fear

62
Q

Token Economy

A

Earn tokens for good behaviour that can be used to get a reward

63
Q

Person-centred Therapy

A

Emphasizes the establishment of a warm, accepting therapeutic relationship that frees the client to engage in a process of self-exploration and acceptance

64
Q

Emotion-focused Therapy

A

Based on the premise that emotion, cognition, and action occur as an integrated response package

65
Q

Cognitive Behaviour Therapies

A

Focus on helping clients identify and correct maladaptive beliefs, automatic types of thinking, and self-defeating attitudes
Negative emotions are caused by the interpretations placed on troubling events and not by the events themselves

66
Q

Rational Emotive Therapy

A

Ellis

Finding rational alternatives to irrational thoughts

67
Q

Beck’s Cognitive Therapy

A

Change cognitive distortions

Uses homework

68
Q

Miechenbaum’s Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

A

Integrate cognition and behaviour

CBT triangle

69
Q

Eclectic Therapy

A

Uses many different schools of thought for their treatment

70
Q

Group Therapy

A

Therapy in a group setting

Helps clients who have similar problems

71
Q

Indigenous Healing Perspective

A

Mental wellness - a balance of physical, metal, emotional, and spiritual wellness
Mental wellness as a continuum from minimal to optimal
Mental wellness as multileveled

72
Q

Civil Commitment (Psychiatric Commitment)

A

Legal process involved in placing an individual in a psychiatric institution, even against their will
Must be deemed mentally disordered an a threat to themselves or society

73
Q

Legal Commitment (Criminal Commitment)

A

Legal process involved in confining a person found “not criminally responsible” on account of a mental disorder in a psychiatric institution

74
Q

Predicting Dangerousness

A

Over-prediction of dangerousness due to inaccurate predictions in general

75
Q

Confidentiality

A

Principle of safeguarding information so that it remains a secret and is not disclosed to other parties

76
Q

Duty to Warn

A

Obligation imposed on therapists to warn third parties of threats made against them by the therapists’ clients

77
Q

Patients’ Rights

A

Right to treatment

Right to refuse treatment

78
Q

The Insanity Defense

A

Defendant in a criminal case pleads guilty but not criminally responsible on the basis of having a mental disorder

79
Q

Competency to Stand Trial

A

A judge can order compulsory treatment if the defendant in a criminal trial is found unfit to stand trial due to a mental disorder

Psyco 239 (13 decks)

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