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Psyco 239 > Assessment, Classification, and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour > Flashcards

Assessment, Classification, and Treatment of Abnormal Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

Assessment

A

Provides a wealth of information about a clients’ personality and cognitive functioning
Methods must be reliable and valid

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2
Q

Reliability

A

Internal consistency
Temporal stability
Interrater reliability

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3
Q

Validity

A

Content validity
Criterion validity
Construct validity

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4
Q

Sociocultural and Ethnic Factors in the Assessment of Abnormal Behaviour

A

Assessment techniques may be reliable and valid in one culture but not in another
Most diagnostic instruments consider culture but fail to provide adequate norms for different cultural and ethnic groups
Differences when interviews are conducted in a language other than the client’s mother tongue

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5
Q

The Clinical Interview

A

The most widely used method of assessment

Gather information about complaints, precipitating events, how the problem affects daily functioning

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6
Q

The Three Major Types of Clinical Interviews

A

Unstructured
Semi-structured
Structured

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7
Q

The Unstructured Interview

A

Interviewers determine which questions to ask rather than following a standard interview format

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8
Q

The Semi-structured Interview

A

Interview in which interviewers are guided by a general outline but are free to modify the order in which questions are asked and to branch off in other directions

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9
Q

The Structured Interview

A

Follows a preset series of questions in a particular order

Provides the highest level of reliability and consistency in reaching diagnostic judgements

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10
Q

Mental Status Examination

A 
Structured clinical evaluation to determine various aspects of a client's mental functioning 
Evaluate:
-appearance 
-mood, attention, perception, memory
-orientation
-level of awareness 
-judgement in making life decisions
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11
Q

What are the 5 P’s?

A 
Presenting issues 
Precipitating factors
-triggers
Perpetuating factors
-what keeps the problem going
Predisposing factors 
-what led to these problems starting
Protective factors
-strengths
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12
Q

What is Intelligence?

A

Global capacity to understand the world and cope with its challenges
Traits associated with a successful performance on intelligence tests

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13
Q

Mental Age

A

Age equivalent that corresponds to the person’s level of intelligence, as measured by performance on the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

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14
Q

Intelligence Quotient

A

IQ = MA/CAx100

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15
Q

The Wechsler Scales

A

Wechsler’s scales include both verbal and performance subtests
Verbal subsets generally require knowledge of verbal concepts
Performance subtests rely more on spatial relations skills

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16
Q

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMP 1-2-R F)

A

Contains 338 true-false statements that assess personality
Used as a test of personality and assisting in the diagnosis of abnormal behaviour patterns
Contains validity scales to detect response biases

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17
Q

Objective Tests

A

Tests that allow a limited, specific range of response options or answers so that they can be scored objectively

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18
Q

Forced-choice Formats

A

Method of structuring test questions that require respondents to select among a set number of possible answers

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19
Q

The Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

A person’s responses to inkblots are used to reveal aspects of their personality

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20
Q

Evaluation of the Rorschach Inkblot Test

A

Lack of standard scoring procedures
Interpretation of a person’s responses is not objective
Depends on the subjective judgement of the examiner

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21
Q

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A

Consists of a series of cards depicting ambiguous scenes
Respondents are asked to construct stories about the cards
Assumed that their tales reflect their experiences and outlooks on life

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22
Q

Evaluation of the TAT

A

The client’s response may represent a reaction to stimulus cues rather than projections of their personality
Scoring and interpretation of the responses largely depends on the clinician’s subjective impressions

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23
Q

House Tree Person Test

A

Respondents draw a house, tree, and person

Represents one’s cognitive, emotional, and social functioning

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24
Q

Neuropsychological Assessment

A

Used to evaluate whether or not psychological problems reflect underlying neurological damage or brain defects

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25
Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
Respondents copy geometric designs and then are asked to redraw them from memory If there is any damage this can be indicated by rotation of figures, distortions in shape, incorrect sizing
26
Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery (LNNB)
Reveals patterns of skill deficits that are suggestive of particular sites of brain damage
27
Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery (HRNB)
Permits the psychologist to observe patterns of results, and various patterns of performance are suggestive of certain kinds of brain defects, such as those occurring following a brain injury
28
Psychometric Approach
Used to identify and measure the reasonably stable traits in an individual's personality that are believed to largely determine their behaviour
29
Behavioural Approach
Behaviour is primarily determined by environmental or situational factors, such as stimulus cues and reinforcements
30
Behavioural Assessment
Clinical assessment that focuses on the objective recording or description of problem behaviour rather than on inferences about personality traits
31
Behavioural Interview
Approach to clinical interviewing that focuses on relating problem behaviour to antecedent stimuli and reinforcement consequences
32
Direct Observation
Psychologist directly observes their client in different setting to evaluate the interactions between the client and others and make suggestions
33
Evaluation of Direct Observation
Does not rely on self-reports; may be distorted to make a favourable or unfavourable impression Behavioural observation can suggest strategies for intervention Lack of reliability or inconsistency of measurement across time or between observers
34
Self-Monitoring
Process of recording or observing one's own behaviour, thoughts, emotions Easily recorded behaviours
35
Cognitive Assessment
Involves the assessment of cognitions
36
Methods of Cognitive Assessment
Thought diaries Automatic thoughts questionnaire Dysfunctional attitudes scale
37
Electrodermal Response
Changes in the electrical conductivity of the skin following exposure to a stimulus
38
Galvanic Skin Response
Skin electrical conductivity following sweating basically
39
EEG
Instrument for measuring brain waves
40
EMG
Instrument used in biofeedback training for measuring muscle tension
41
Brain Imaging and Recording Techniques
``` CT scans PET scans MRI fMRI BEAM MEG ```
42
Sociocultural Factors in Psychological Assessment
Reliability and validity of assessment tools may be culture-specific Disentangling psychopathology from sociocultural factors Issues of translation
43
What System do we use to classify abnormal behaviour?
We use the DSM-V in North America
44
What are the features of the DSM?
Abnormal behaviour patterns are classified as mental disorders The DSM classifies disorders people have, not the people themselves Descriptive, not explanatory Specific diagnostic criteria are used Abnormal behaviour patterns that share features are grouped together A diagnosis is only given when the minimum number of symptoms or features are present to meet the diagnostic criteria
45
Evaluation of the DSM System
Has reliability, validity, and predictive validity but struggles to incorporate cultural factors
46
What are culture-bound disorders?
Disorders only found in one or a few cultures
47
Why is it important to classify abnormal behaviour?
Researchers could not properly communicate without proper classification Treatment decisions can be made from classification Can help predict behaviour Help researchers identify populations with similar patterns of abnormal behaviour
48
How is the DSM-V Multidimensional?
Specifiers in the DSM-V - course - severity - frequency - duration - descriptive features
49
What are clinical psychologists?
People with a masters or PhD in psychology | Administer psychological tests, diagnose mental disorders, practice psychotherapy
50
What are psychiatrists?
People with an MD and special training in psychiatry Specialize in diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, psychotherapy, diagnostic interviews Administer prescriptions and other medical interventions
51
What are social workers?
Have a masters in social work Knowledge of community agencies and organizations to help people with sever mental disorders receive the services Conduct psychotherapy or specialize in couples or family therapy
52
Psychopharmacology
Field of study that examines the effects of drugs on behaviour and psychological functioning Explores the use of psychoactive drugs in the treatment of emotional disorders
53
Antipsychotic Drugs
Also called neuroleptics Treats schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders Phenothiazines
54
Antidepressants
TCA's MAO inhibiters SSRIs SNRIs
55
Lithium
Effective in stabilizing dramatic mood swings associated with bipolar disorder
56
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Used today to relieve severe depression | Causes memory loss
57
Deep Brain Stimulation
Involves implanting electrodes within the part of the brain that affects mood
58
Psychodynamic Therapies
View psychological problems as rooted in early childhood experience - free association - transference - dream analysis - moder psychodynamic approaches
59
Behaviour Therapy
Apply principles of learning to help clients make adaptive changes in their behaviour Focus is on changing behaviour not personality Therapy lasts a few weeks or months
60
Systematic Desensitization
A therapeutic program of exposure to progressively more fearful stimuli while one remains deeply relaxed
61
Gradual Exposure
Purposely exposure yourself to stimuli that evoke your fear
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Token Economy
Earn tokens for good behaviour that can be used to get a reward
63
Person-centred Therapy
Emphasizes the establishment of a warm, accepting therapeutic relationship that frees the client to engage in a process of self-exploration and acceptance
64
Emotion-focused Therapy
Based on the premise that emotion, cognition, and action occur as an integrated response package
65
Cognitive Behaviour Therapies
Focus on helping clients identify and correct maladaptive beliefs, automatic types of thinking, and self-defeating attitudes Negative emotions are caused by the interpretations placed on troubling events and not by the events themselves
66
Rational Emotive Therapy
Ellis | Finding rational alternatives to irrational thoughts
67
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
Change cognitive distortions | Uses homework
68
Miechenbaum's Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Integrate cognition and behaviour | CBT triangle
69
Eclectic Therapy
Uses many different schools of thought for their treatment
70
Group Therapy
Therapy in a group setting | Helps clients who have similar problems
71
Indigenous Healing Perspective
Mental wellness - a balance of physical, metal, emotional, and spiritual wellness Mental wellness as a continuum from minimal to optimal Mental wellness as multileveled
72
Civil Commitment (Psychiatric Commitment)
Legal process involved in placing an individual in a psychiatric institution, even against their will Must be deemed mentally disordered an a threat to themselves or society
73
Legal Commitment (Criminal Commitment)
Legal process involved in confining a person found "not criminally responsible" on account of a mental disorder in a psychiatric institution
74
Predicting Dangerousness
Over-prediction of dangerousness due to inaccurate predictions in general
75
Confidentiality
Principle of safeguarding information so that it remains a secret and is not disclosed to other parties
76
Duty to Warn
Obligation imposed on therapists to warn third parties of threats made against them by the therapists' clients
77
Patients' Rights
Right to treatment | Right to refuse treatment
78
The Insanity Defense
Defendant in a criminal case pleads guilty but not criminally responsible on the basis of having a mental disorder
79
Competency to Stand Trial
A judge can order compulsory treatment if the defendant in a criminal trial is found unfit to stand trial due to a mental disorder

Psyco 239 (13 decks)

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