Mood Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
What are moods?
A
Pervasive qualities of an individual’s emotional experience
-depressed mood, anxious mood, elated mood
2
Q
What do people with depressive or bipolar disorders experience?
A
Disturbances in mood that are unusually severe or prolonged and that impair their ability to function in meeting their normal responsibilities
3
Q
What is unipolar depression?
A
Pertaining to a single-pole or direction
Only experience depression
4
Q
What is bipolar depression?
A
Characterized by opposites
States of mania and depression
5
Q
What is major depressive disorder?
A
Severe depressive disorder characterized by the occurence of major depressive episodes in the the absence of a history of manic episodes
6
Q
What is the prevalence of MDD?
A
11%
1/20 people can be diagnosed at any given time
7
Q
What are the features of MDD?
A
Depressed mood Lack of interest or pleasure in usual activities Lack of motivation or energy Changes in appetite or sleep patterns Weight changes Psychomotor agitation Feelings of worthlessness Diminished ability to think or concentrate Recurrent thoughts of death
8
Q
Why do clinically depressed people go untreated?
A
Because they see it as a sign of weakness
They should be able to handle the problem themselves
9
Q
What are the symptoms of depression in children?
A
Hopelessness Cognitive errors Negative attributions Low perceived competence or self-efficacy Low self-esteem Episodes of sadness, crying apathy Insomnia, fatigue, poor appetite May refuse to attend school Express fear of their parents dying May have suicidal thoughts or attempts
10
Q
Is childhood depression a risk factor?
A
Yes, 50-70% of children who are depressed from 8-13 have a recurrence later in life
11
Q
What is seasonal affective disorder?
A
A major depressive disorder that occurs seasonally
12
Q
What are the features of SAD?
A
Fatigue
Excessive sleep
Craving for carbs
Weight gain
13
Q
When do SAD symptoms tend to stop?
A
Tends to lift in the spring
14
Q
Who is more affected by SAD?
A
Younger adults and women are the most affected
15
Q
Why might SAD happen?
A
Seasonal changes in light affects body rhythms
CNS might have deficiencies in transmission of serotonin
16
Q
What type of treatment may be effective against SAD?
A
Phototherapy
17
Q
What is MDD with peripartum onset?
A
Major depressive disorder that occurs during pregnancy or just after birth
18
Q
How long does postpartum last?
A
May persist for months of even a year or more
19
Q
What are the features of postpartum?
A
Disturbances in appetite and sleep
Low self-esteem
Difficulties concentrating
20
Q
What are the risk factors for MDD?
A
Age Socioeconomic status Marital status Women Ethnicity
21
Q
Why are women more likely to experience MDD?
A
More likely to encounter physical and sexual abuse, single parenthood, sexism
22
Q
What is a persistent depressive disorder?
A
Chronic type of depression lasting at least two years
-can be chronic major depression or chronic but mild dysthymia
23
Q
What is dysthymia?
A
Feel down most of the time but not as severely depressed as those with MDD
24
Q
What is the prevalence of dysthymia?
A
3-6%
25
What are bipolar disorders?
Fluctuations in mood in both directions that exceed the usual ups and downs of everyday life
26
What is bipolar 1 disorder?
Characterized by manic episodes
| Cycles of elated and depressed mood states alternate with intervening periods of normal mood
27
What are manic episodes?
Periods of unrealistically heightened euphoria, extreme restlessness, and excessive activity characterized by disorganized behaviour and impaired judgement
28
How long do manic episodes last?
A few weeks to several months
29
What do manic episodes usually end in?
Major depressive episodes
30
What are the features of bipolar 1 mania?
```
Increased energy or activity
Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity
Decreased need for sleep
Distractibility
Argumentative
```
31
What is pressured speech?
Outpouring of speech in which words seem to surge urgently for expression
32
What is a rapid flight of ideas?
Rapid speech and changes of topic
33
How many people who experience manic episodes eventually experience a recurrence?
90%
34
What is rapid cycling?
The individual experiences two or more full cycles of mania and depression within a year without any intervening normal periods
35
What is bipolar 2 disorder?
Characterized by periods of major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
36
What is hypomania?
A milder form of mania
37
What are the features of bipolar 2 hypomania?
Inflated sense of self-esteem, feel unusually charged with energy, restless and irritable
May be able to work long hours with little fatigue or need for sleep
38
How common are bipolar disorders?
Relatively uncommon
| 0.87% for bipolar 1 and 0.57% for bipolar 2
39
Who experiences bipolar?
Men and women at an equal rate
| Typical age of onset is in the 20s
40
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Characterized by a chronic patter of mild mood swings between depression and hypomania
Not severe enough to be considered a bipolar disorder
41
When does cyclothymic disorder typically begin?
Usually begins in late adolescence or early adulthood
42
How long does cyclothymic disorder last?
May persist for years
43
What are the risk factors for relapsing back into depression?
A greater number of previous episodes of depression
A higher depression level at the entry point of treatment
A family history of depression
Poor physical health
Higher level of dissatisfaction with their major life roles
Definitive episodes of clinical depression in late childhood or early adolescence
44
Stressful events and major depressive episodes have a:
Causal association
45
How does depression cause stress?
The symptoms may be stressful
| Depression can lead to sources of stress like divorce or loss of employment
46
What is the relationship between social support and depression?
The availability of social support is associated with quicker recoveries and better outcomes in cases of major depression
47
Who is more likely to overcome their depression?
People who are better able to solve their problems in daily life
48
What is mourning?
Normal feelings or expressions of grief following a loss
49
What does the psychodynamic perspective of depression emphasize?
The role of loss in depression
50
What is pathological mourning?
Fosters lingering depression
| Causes ambivalent feelings toward the person who has departed or whose departure is feared
51
What is the self-focusing model?
Considers how people allocate their attentional processes after a loss
Depressed people experience a period of intense self-examination
52
How does the learning perspective explain depression?
Depression may result when a person's behaviour receives too little reinforcement from the environment
53
What does lack of reinforcement do?
Sap motivation and induce feelings of depression
54
What does Lewinsohn's model think alleviates depression?
Participating in rewarding activities and goal-oriented behaviours
55
What is the interactional theory?
The interactions between depressed individuals and other people may help explain the former group's shortfall in positive reinforcement
Based on the concept of reciprocal interaction
56
What is the cognitive triad of depression?
Depression derives from the adoption of negative views of oneself, the world, and the future
57
What are cognitive schemas?
Negative concepts of the self and the world as mental templates
58
What are cognitive distortions?
Errors in thinking
59
What is All or nothing thinking?
Seeing events in black and white
| No gray area
60
What is Overgeneralization?
Believing that if a negative event occurs, it is likely to occur again in similar situations in the future
61
What is a mental filter?
Focusing only on negative details of events, thereby rejecting the positive features of one's experiences
62
What is disqualifying the positive?
The tendency to snatch defeat from the jaws of victory by neutralizing or denying your accomplishments
63
What is jumping to conclusions?
Forming a negative interpretation of events, despite a lack of evidence
64
What is magnification and minimization?
Magnification, or catastrophizing, refers to the tendency to make mountains out of molehills
Minimization is when one minimizes or underestimates one's good points
65
What is emotional reasoning?
Basing reasoning on emotions
66
What are should statements?
Creating personal imperatives or self-commandments
67
What are labelling and mislabelling?
Explaining behaviour by attaching negative labels to oneself and others
68
What is personalization?
The tendency to assume you are responsible for other people's problems and behaviour
69
What are automatic thoughts?
Thoughts that seem to pop into one's mind
70
What is learned helplessness?
People learn to view themselves as helpless to control the reinforcements in their environments or to change their lives for the better
71
What is the attributional style?
Personal style for explaining cause-and-effect relationships between events
72
What is an internal attribution?
We may blame ourselves
73
What is an external attribution?
We may blame our circumstances
74
What is a stable attribution?
We may see bad experiences as typical events
75
What is an unstable attribution?
We may see things as isolated events
76
What is a global attribution?
We may see bad experiences as evidence of broader problems
77
What is a specific attribution?
We may see bad experiences as evidence of precise and limited shortcomings
78
What are internal factors?
Beliefs that failures reflect their personal inadequacies, rather than external factors or beliefs that failures are caused by environmental factors
79
What are global factors?
Beliefs that failures reflect sweeping flaws in personality, rather specific factors or beliefs that failures reflect limited areas of functioning
80
What are stable factors?
Beliefs that failures reflect fixed personality factors, rather unstable factors or beliefs that the factors leading to failures are changeable
81
How does traditional psychoanalysis treat depression?
Aims to help people who become depressed understand their ambivalent feelings toward important people in their lives whom they have lost or whose loss what threatened
Take years to uncover and deal with unconscious conflicts
82
What is interpersonal psychotherapy?
A brief, psychodynamic form of therapy that focuses on helping people resolve interpersonal problems
83
How does modifying behaviour treat depression?
Focus on helping depressed patients develop more effective social or interpersonal skills and increasing their participation in pleasurable or rewarding activities
84
What is behavioural activation?
Encourages patients to increase their frequency of rewarding or enjoyable activities
85
How does cognitive therapy treat depression?
Clients learn to recognize and change their dysfunctional thinking patterns
86
What is cognitive-behavioural therapy?
Effective treatment in childhood and adolescence
| Usually involves a coping-skills model in which children or adolescents receive social-skills training
87
What are some classes of antidepressant drugs?
TCAs
MAO inhibitors
SSRIs
SNRIs
88
What is lithium used for?
Effective in stabilizing moods in people with bipolar disorder and reducing recurrent episodes of mani and depression
89
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
A safe and effective treatment for severe depression
90
What is repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation?
A noninvasive way of stimulating particular regions of the brain
Used to treat depression, brain regions that are thought to play a role in depression are repeatedly stimulated
Left prefrontal cortex
91
What are suicide risk factors?
10% of men and 13% of women had contemplated suicide at some point in their lives
2% of men and 6% of women have attempted suicide
25% of deaths among 15 to 24 year olds and 16% among 25 to 44 year olds
Rates are higher in middle-aged and elderly men
92
How is gender a risk factor for suicide?
Women are more likely to attempt
| Boys are more likely to succeed
93
How is age a risk factor for suicide?
Youth in late adolescence or early adulthood are at greater risk than younger adolescents
94
How is ethnicity a risk factor for suicide?
First nations suicide rate is 5-7x higher
95
How is previous suicidal behaviour a risk factor for suicide?
A quarter of adolescents that attempt suicide are repeaters
96
How are family problems a risk factor for suicide?
Family problems are present among about 75% of adolescent suicide attempters
97
How are stressful life events a risk factor for suicide?
Many suicides among young people are directly preceded by stressful or traumatic events
98
How is substance abuse a risk factor for suicide?
Addiction in the adolescent's family or by the adolescent
99
How is social contagion a risk factor for suicide?
Adolescent suicides sometimes occur in clusters
100
What are indications of suicide?
Evidence points to the role of hopelessness as an important predictor or perhaps contributor to suicidal thinking and behaviour
90% of the people who died by suicide had left clear clues, such as disposing of their possessions
May suddenly try to sort out their affairs
101
How can we prevent suicide?
Draw the person out
Be sympathetic
Suggest that means other than suicide can be discovered to work out their problems
Ask how the person expects to commit suicide
Propose that the person accompany you to see a professional right now
Don't degrade them
Don't press the suicidal person to contact specific people such as parents or a spouse
