Gender Dysphoria, Paraphilic Disorders, and Sexual Dysfunctions Flashcards
What is “normal” behaviour influenced by?
Sociocultural factors
What is gender identity?
One’s psychological sense of being male, female, intersex, transgender, nonbinary, or others
What is gender dysphoria?
Disorder in which an individual experiences significant personal distress or impaired functioning as a result of a discrepancy between their anatomic sex and gender identity
What is transgender identity?
Type of gender identity in which the individual has the psychological sense of belonging to one gender while possessing the sexual organs of the other
What are the features of gender dysphoria?
Often begins in childhood
Children with the disorder find their anatomic gender to be a source of persistent and intense distress
Prevalence is higher in males than in females
Higher suicide rate
What is the psychodynamic theory of gender dysphoria?
Extremely close mother-son relationships, parents with empty relationships, and fathers who were absent or deteached
What is the learning theory of gender dysphoria?
Unavailability of a strong male role model
How do we treat gender dysphoria?
Hormone therapy
Living as the identified gender
Sex reassignment surgery
Psychotherapy
What are paraphilic disorders?
Recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving inanimate objects, inappropriate or non-consenting partners, situations producing humiliation and pain to oneself or one’s partner
Person has either acted on such urges or is strongly distressed by them
What is exhibitionistic disorder?
Involves recurrent, powerful urges to expose one’s genitals to an unsuspecting stranger to surprise, shock, or sexually arouse the victim
What type of people are exhibitionists?
Most are married men and are married
Have unsatisfactory relationships with women
What is fetishistic disorder?
Recurrent, powerful sexual urges and arousing fantasies involving inanimate objects or nongenital body parts
Thought to be a type of conditioning or imprinting
What is transvestic disorder?
Recurrent, powerful urges and related fantasies involving cross-dressing for purposes of sexual arousal
Heterosexual men
What is voyeuristic disorder?
Recurrent, powerful sexual urges and related fantasies involving watching unsuspecting people, generally strangers, who are undressed, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity
What is frotteuristic disorder?
Recurrent sexual urges or sexually arousing fantasies involving bumps and rubbing against nonconsenting victims for sexual gratification
What is pedophilic disorder?
Recurrent sexual urges or sexually arousing fantasies involving sexual activity with prepubescent children
Diagnosis can be made without the person acting on the fantasies
How old does someone need to be to be diagnosed with pedophilic disorder?
16
What is a diagnostic indicator for pedophilic disorder?
The extensive use of child pornography
What type of people have pedophilic disorder?
Usually law abiding men in their 30s or 40s
What are the effects of child sexual abuse?
Psychological problems Eating disorders Premature sexual behaviour or promiscuity Drug abuse Suicide attempts PTSD
What is sexual masochism disorder?
Recurrent urges and fantasies relating to sexual acts that involve being humiliated, bound, flogged, or made to suffer in other ways
Cannot gain sexual gratification in the absence of pain and humiliation
What is hypoxyphilia
When a person seeks sexual gratification by being deprived of oxygen
What is sexual sadism disorder?
Recurrent sexual urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving inflicting humiliation or physical pain on sex partners
What is sadomasochism?
Sexual activities between consenting partners involving the attainment of gratification by means of inflicting and receiving pain and humiliation
What is telephone scatologia?
Obscene phone calls
What is necrophilia?
Sexual urges or fantasies involving sexual contact with corpses
What is zoophilia?
Sexual urges or fantasies involving sexual contact with animals
What is coprophilia?
Sexual urges or fantasies involving feces
What is the psychological perspective of paraphilias?
A defence against leftover castration anxiety from the Oedipal period
What is the learning perspective of paraphilias?
Conditioning and observational learning
What is the biological perspective of paraphilias?
Higher than average sex drive in males
Differences in brainwave patterns
How can we treat paraphilias with psychoanalysis?
Bring childhood sexual conflicts into awareness so that they can be resolved in the light of the individuals adult personality
How can we treat paraphilias with CBT?
Aversive conditioning to induce a negative emotional reaction to paraphilic stimuli or fantasies
Building social skills, the development of stress-management skills
How can we treat paraphilias with biomedical therapies?
SSRIs for anxiety and depression
Antiandrogen drugs to reduce the levels of testosterone
What is sexual assault?
Non-consensual bodily contact for sexual purposes
What are the 3 levels of sexual assault?
Level 1: non-consensual bodily contact for sexual purposes
Level 2: assault with a weapon
Level 3: aggravated; physical harm and/or threat of death
What is a theoretical perspective behind sexual assault?
Desires to dominate women or express hatred toward them may be more dominant motives for sexual assault than is sexual desire
May or may not exhibit a psychological disorder
Stereotypes of male aggressiveness and social dominance
What is the treatment for sexual assault victims?
Crisis intervention
Longer-term treatment
What are sexual dysfunctions?
Involve problems with sexual interest, arousal, or response
What are the three types of sexual dysfunction?
- Disorders involving problems with sexual interest or arousal
- Disorders involving problems with orgasmic response
- Problems involving pain during sexual intercourse or penetration
What are three sexual interest/arousal disorders?
Female sexual interest/arousal disorder
Male hypoactive sexual desire disorder
Male erectile disorder
What are the types of orgasm disorders?
Female orgasmic disorders
Male orgasmic disorders
Delayed ejaculation
Premature ejaculation
What are sexual pain disorders?
Genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder
What is the biological perspective of sexual dysfunction?
Testosterone levels
Thyroid overactivity or under-activity
Diabetes
Medical conditions
What is the learning perspective of sexual dysfunction?
Conditioned anxiety
What is the cognitive perspective of sexual dysfunction?
Irrational beliefs and attitudes
Performance anxiety
What is the sociocultural perspective of sexual dysfunction?
Restricted sociocultural beliefs and sexual taboos
Body insecurities and religion
Connection between a man’s sexual performance and his sense of manhood
What are some ways to treat sexual dysfunction?
Sex therapy Relaxation techniques Masturbation Stop-and-go technique Biological treatments like Viagra
