personalitatea II

Question 1

What did Freud do?

Answer 1

Developed his own therapeutic methods based on free association and dream analysis.

Question 2

What is psychic determinism?

Answer 2

All behaviour has a cause and this cause can be found in the mind.
The cause is often hidden in the unconscious

Question 3

What is internal structure?

Answer 3

The mind is divided into distinct parts.
These parts function independently of, and sometimes, in conflict with each other.

Question 4

What is psychic conflict and compromise?

Answer 4

The distinct parts of the mind may conflict with each other.
However, there is also room for compromise?

Question 5

What is mental energy?

Answer 5

Energy is finite.
Therefore, energy used to one purpose is not available for another purpose.

Question 6

What is the structure of personality?

Answer 6

Conscious: information a person is aware of
Preconscious: info a person is unaware of but can be brought into awareness
Unconscious: info a person is unaware of and can’t be brought into consciousness

Question 7

What are the three parts of personality?

Answer 7

Id
Ego
Superego

Question 8

What is the Id?

Answer 8

Pleasure principle
Basic biological impulses (hunger and thirst)
Functions at the unconscious level
Restricted to primary process thinking

Question 9

What is the Ego?

Answer 9

Reality principle
Delay satisfaction until the appropriate object is present
Functions mainly at the conscious and preconscious levels, but also the unconscious
Capable of secondary process thinking

Question 10

What is the superego?

Answer 10

Morality principle
Develops as we internalise parental and societal values
Ego ideal: rules for good behaviour
Conscience: rules for bad behaviour
Functions at the conscious, pre and unconscious

Question 11

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

Answer 11

Freud believed people progress through 5 stages.
Progression affects personality development

Fixation: when gratification is not achieved to allow the child to progress to the next stage.
Regression: when a person reverts to an earlier mode of gratification

Question 12

The oral stage.

Answer 12

Birth to 18 months
Development of the Id
Physical focus: mouth
Psychological theme: dependence and passivity
Adult character type: overly dependent vs overly independent

Question 13

The anal stage.

Answer 13

18 months to 3 years
Development of the ego
Physical focus: anus
Psychological theme: obedience and self-control
Adult character type: obedient and orderly vs disobedient and chaotic

Question 14

Phallic stage

Answer 14

3-5 years
Development of superego
Physical focus: genitals
Psychological theme: gender identity and sexuality
Adult character type: Over vs under-sexualised

Question 15

Latency period.

Answer 15

5 years - puberty
Psychological theme: learning and cognitive development

Question 16

Genital stage

Answer 16

Puberty to adulthood
Development of well-balanced id, ego and superego
Physical focus: genitals in the context of mature relationships
Psychological theme: creation and enhancement of life
Adult character type: a mature adult

Question 17

What are the anxiety and defence mechanisms?

Answer 17

The ego’s task is to integrate the id, the superego and the constraints of reality §

Question 18

What is anxiety?

Answer 18

Anxiety arises when the ego cannon cope:
- reality anxiety
- neurotic anxiety
- moral anxiety

Question 19

What are defence mechanisms?

Answer 19

Defence mechanisms are techniques used by the ego to protect it from unpleasant feelings of anxiety:
- unconscious
- indirect gratification
- distort reality
- unhealthy in the long-term

Question 20

What is denial and repression?

Answer 20

Denial: refusing to accept something is true

Repression: blocking unacceptable impulses and memories of unacceptable events from the conscious mind

Question 21

What is reaction formation and projection?

Answer 21

Reaction formation: reacting in a manner that is opposite to your actual thoughts or impulses

Projection: attributing your unacceptable thoughts and impulses to other people

Question 22

What is rationalisation and intellectualisation?

Answer 22

Rationalisation: using an acceptable excuse to explain behaviour that you did for unacceptable reasons . Can help protect self-esteem or when you fail

Intellectualisation: thinking about threatening events in a cold, analytical and emotionally detached manner. Can help dissociate thoughts from feelings.

Question 23

What is displacement and sublimation?

Answer 23

Displacement: shifting mental energy from an unacceptable target to another more acceptable target

Sublimation: expressing impulses via acceptable activities. Can help prevent problems from occurring

Question 24

How can we observe the unconscious?

Answer 24

Freudian slips: everyday errors and slips of the tongue that provide insights into people’s unconscious desires

Free association: a therapeutic technique that involves asking people to say whatever comes into their mind

Dream analysis: analysis of the content of dreams to provide an insight into people’s unconscious desires