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CVS > Peripheral arterial and venous disase > Flashcards

Peripheral arterial and venous disase Flashcards

1
Q

What does doppler measure?

A

Velocity and Direction

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2
Q

What are the limb veins divided into?

A

Superficial and deep

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3
Q

What is a perforator vein?

A

Perforates the deep fascia, from superficial to deep

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4
Q

What is the blood supply of the leg?

A

External Iliac Vein
Femoral Vein
Popliteal vein

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5
Q

What are the superficial veins of the leg?

A

Long saphenous vein

Short saphenous vein

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6
Q

Describe the location of the short saphenous vein?

A

Posterior Leg

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7
Q

Describe the location of long saphenous vein?

A

Runs the lower limb

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8
Q

What is the one constant vein in the body?

A

The long saphenous vein

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9
Q

Where can the long saphenous vein be identified?

A

Anterior to the medial malleolus

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10
Q

What is responsible for increasing the circulation of venous blood back to the heart?

A

The skeletal muscle pump

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11
Q

Other than the pump what aids venous return in it battle agaisnt gravity?

A

Valves

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12
Q

What happens to the pressure in the vein when the muscles are relaxed?

A

Pressure increases, pulls blood in

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13
Q

What is a varicose vein?

A

Tortuous, twisted or lengthened vein

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14
Q

What is the pathophysiology behind varicose veins?

A

The vein wall is inherently weak, which leads to dilation and separation of valve cusps so that they become incompetent

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of varicose veins?

A

Heaviness
Tension
Aching
Itching

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16
Q

What complications can arise from varicose veins?

A

Haemorrhage
Thrombophlebitis

Oedema
Skin pigmentation 
Varicose 
eczema
Lipodermatosclerosis
Venous ulceration
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17
Q

The complications can be grouped in too, two categories, what are they?

A

Result from the vein itself

Result from venous hypertension

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18
Q

What is trombophlebitis?

A

Vein inflammation relating to a thrombus

Inflammatory response including pain

19
Q

What causes varicose eczema?

A

Increased pressure in the veins of the legs

20
Q

What presents with a hard layer of fat under the skin?

A

lipodermatosclerosis

21
Q

What is venous hypertension a result of?

A

Failure of the calf muscle pump?

22
Q

What are the causes of venous hypertension?

A

Venous ulceration

23
Q

List some causes that cause the calf muscle pump to fail?

A

Immobility
Obesity
Reduced Hip, knee and or ankle movement

Deep vein incompetence

Volume overload

24
Q

What is a retrograde circuit?

A

There is a problem with the superficial vein as the calf muscle pumps get flow back down the superficial vein, leads to an increase in venous rpessure

25
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

Changes in the lining of the vessel wall

Changes in the flow of the blood

Changes in the constituents of the blood

26
Q

Which of the triad is the major cause of arterial thrombosis?

A

Endothelial insult

27
Q

Which of the triad is the major cause of venous thrombosis?

A

Changes in blood flow

28
Q

What are symptoms of a DVT?

A

Pain
Swelling
Blue-red skin discolouration

29
Q

What are the signs of a DVT?

A
  • Calf tenderness
  • Muscle induration
  • Skin warmth
  • Skin discolouration
  • Distended, warm superficial veins
  • Oedema
  • Pyrexia
30
Q

What is link between surgery and DVT?

A

Immobility leading to stasis

Surgery - trauma leading to a prothrombotic state

31
Q

What is collateral circulation?

A

Circulation around a blocked path

32
Q

What is acute limb ischaemia?

A

Normal to impaired blood supply in minutes

Impaired ischaemia

Embolism and trauma

33
Q

Why does dead tissue lead to death?

A

Hyperkalemia, the mass potassium exodus

34
Q

What is claudication?

A

Cramping induced by exercise

Atherosclerosis of the deep arteries

35
Q

State the arterial anatomy of the leg?

A

External iliac artery
Profunda femoris artery
Anterior tibeal artery
Posterior tibial artery

36
Q

aortoilliac occlusions

A

Bilateral buttock, thigh and calf claudication

Absent lower limb pulses

Rare

37
Q

Common illiac occlusion

A

Right buttock, thigh and calf cluadication

38
Q

Common femoral oclusion?

A

Right thigh and calf claudication

Absent right lower limb pulses

39
Q

Superficial femoral artery occlusion

A

Right calf claudication
Femoral pulse present, absent popliteatl and pedal pulses

Most common

40
Q

What is critical ischaemia of the lower leg?

A

Get rest pain, equivalent to lower angina

41
Q

Why does rest pain come on at night?

A

Loss of gravity
Increase CO at night
foot warms in bed

42
Q

Where is the femoral pulse felt?

A

the mid inguinal point

43
Q

What is orthponea?

A

Shortness of breath that occurs when laying flat

44
Q

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea?

A

Waking up in the night and not being bale to breathe

CVS (22 decks)

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