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CVS > 5 Control of Blood Pressure > Flashcards

5 Control of Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure?

A

The term used in medicine to describe the average blood pressure in an individual

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2
Q

What is the formula for MAP?

A

COTPR
SVHR*TPR
Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (Pulse pressure)

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3
Q

What is the carotid sinus?

A

A dilated area at the base of the internal carotid artery, located superior to the bifurication of the common carotid

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4
Q

Where are the baroreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch

Carotid Sinus

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5
Q

What to the baroreceptors detect?

A

Stretch - Higher pressure more stretch

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6
Q

What is the formula for pressure?

A

Flow * Resistance

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7
Q

What is the effect of the sympathetic ANS on the heart?

A

Increase HR
Increase Contraction strength
Vasoconstriction

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8
Q

What is the effect of the parasympathtic on the heart ?

A

Decrease HR

Deccrease AV node conduction velocity

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9
Q

Why do baroreceptors only control acute changes in AP?

A

Resets

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10
Q

What does the RAAS system regulate?

A

Plasma sodium concentration

Arterial blood pressure

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11
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Juxtaglomerular in the kindeys

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12
Q

What factors stimulate Renin release?

A

Reduced NaCl delivery to distal tubule
Reduced perfusion pressure in the kidney causes the release of Renin
Sympathetic stimulation to JGA increases renin release

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13
Q

Where is sodium concentration detected?

A

Macula Densa

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14
Q

What is the role of renin?

A

Cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

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15
Q

What is the role of angiotensin converting enzyme?

A

Cleaves angitensin I to angiotensin II

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16
Q

Where is ACE produced?

A

Lungs

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17
Q

How many angiotensin receptors are there?

A

Two

18
Q

What AT receptor carries out most of the functions?

A

AT1

19
Q

What are some of the functions of AT1 receptors?

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles
Sodium reabsorption in the kidney
Increased release of NA from the kidneys
Adrenal cortex stimulates release of aldosterone
Hypothalamus leads to an increased thirst sensation

20
Q

What does aldosterone do?

A

Activates the apical sodium ion channel (ENaC) and apical potassium channel

Increases basolateral sodium ion extrusion via Na/K/ATPase

21
Q

Explain the double whammy effect of ACE

A

Forms product Angiotensin II which has vasoconstriction affects

Breaks down bradykinin which has vasodilatory effects

22
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

Zona Glomerulasa

23
Q

How does sympathetic nervous system increase blood pressure?

A

Vasoconstriction of arterioles
Decreased GFR
Actvates the Na/H exchanger and Na/K ATPase in PCT
Stimulates renin release from JG cells

24
Q

What is the role of ADH?

A

TO make a more concentrated urine, to retain water

Aquaporin insertion, is also a direct vasoconstrictor

25
Q

What method controls blood pressure by working in the opposite way?

A

Natriuretic Peptides

26
Q

How does ANP reduce blood pressure?

A

Promotes sodium ion excretion

Causes vasodilation of the afferent arteriole, increasing GFR

27
Q

What is natiuesis?

A

Loss of sodium into the Urine

28
Q

What do prostaglandins do?

A

Act as vasodilators

29
Q

What is hypertension?

A

When blood pressure has become to high

30
Q

Stage 1 hypertension?

A

140 systole

90 diastole

31
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Of known cause

32
Q

What is renovascular disease?

A

Occlusion of the renal artery leading to a fall in perfusion in that kidney, leading to an increased renin production

33
Q

What is renal parenchymal disease?

A

Early stage is loss of vasodilator substance

Later stages sodium ion and water retention due to inadequate glomerular filtration

34
Q

What is conn’s syndrome?

A

An adenoma that secretes aldosterone

35
Q

What would Cushing’s syndrome lead to high blood pressure?

A

Cortisol has weak mineralcorticoid activity in excess can act as aldosterone,

36
Q

What is after-load?

A

What the heart has to work against to eject blood

37
Q

What are some lifestyle changes that can be done to reduce blood pressure?

A

Exercise
Diet
reduce sodium intake
reduce alcohol intake

38
Q

What drugs can be used to target the RAAS system?

A

ACE inhibitors

AngII receptor antagonists

39
Q

Why would a L-type calcium channel blocker reduce blood pressure?

A

Reduce the calcium entry to smooth muscle and so relax the vessel

40
Q

What first line diuretic is used?

A

Thiazide

41
Q

How does thiazide work?

A

Blocks Sodium/ chlorine co trans-porter

42
Q

What diuretic is an aldosterone antagonist?

A

spironolactone

CVS (22 decks)

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