5 Control of Blood Pressure

Question 1

What is the mean arterial pressure?

Answer 1

The term used in medicine to describe the average blood pressure in an individual

Question 2

What is the formula for MAP?

Answer 2

COTPR
SVHR*TPR
Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 (Pulse pressure)

Question 3

What is the carotid sinus?

Answer 3

A dilated area at the base of the internal carotid artery, located superior to the bifurication of the common carotid

Question 4

Where are the baroreceptors located?

Answer 4

Aortic arch

Carotid Sinus

Question 5

What to the baroreceptors detect?

Answer 5

Stretch - Higher pressure more stretch

Question 6

What is the formula for pressure?

Answer 6

Flow * Resistance

Question 7

What is the effect of the sympathetic ANS on the heart?

Answer 7

Increase HR
Increase Contraction strength
Vasoconstriction

Question 8

What is the effect of the parasympathtic on the heart ?

Answer 8

Decrease HR

Deccrease AV node conduction velocity

Question 9

Why do baroreceptors only control acute changes in AP?

Answer 9

Resets

Question 10

What does the RAAS system regulate?

Answer 10

Plasma sodium concentration

Arterial blood pressure

Question 11

Where is renin released from?

Answer 11

Juxtaglomerular in the kindeys

Question 12

What factors stimulate Renin release?

Answer 12

Reduced NaCl delivery to distal tubule
Reduced perfusion pressure in the kidney causes the release of Renin
Sympathetic stimulation to JGA increases renin release

Question 13

Where is sodium concentration detected?

Answer 13

Macula Densa

Question 14

What is the role of renin?

Answer 14

Cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

Question 15

What is the role of angiotensin converting enzyme?

Answer 15

Cleaves angitensin I to angiotensin II

Question 16

Where is ACE produced?

Answer 16

Lungs

Question 17

How many angiotensin receptors are there?

Answer 17

Two

Question 18

What AT receptor carries out most of the functions?

Answer 18

AT1

Question 19

What are some of the functions of AT1 receptors?

Answer 19

Vasoconstriction of arterioles
Sodium reabsorption in the kidney
Increased release of NA from the kidneys
Adrenal cortex stimulates release of aldosterone
Hypothalamus leads to an increased thirst sensation

Question 20

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 20

Activates the apical sodium ion channel (ENaC) and apical potassium channel

Increases basolateral sodium ion extrusion via Na/K/ATPase

Question 21

Explain the double whammy effect of ACE

Answer 21

Forms product Angiotensin II which has vasoconstriction affects

Breaks down bradykinin which has vasodilatory effects

Question 22

Where is aldosterone produced?

Answer 22

Zona Glomerulasa

Question 23

How does sympathetic nervous system increase blood pressure?

Answer 23

Vasoconstriction of arterioles
Decreased GFR
Actvates the Na/H exchanger and Na/K ATPase in PCT
Stimulates renin release from JG cells

Question 24

What is the role of ADH?

Answer 24

TO make a more concentrated urine, to retain water

Aquaporin insertion, is also a direct vasoconstrictor

Question 25

What method controls blood pressure by working in the opposite way?

Answer 25

Natriuretic Peptides

Question 26

How does ANP reduce blood pressure?

Answer 26

Promotes sodium ion excretion | Causes vasodilation of the afferent arteriole, increasing GFR

Question 27

What is natiuesis?

Answer 27

Loss of sodium into the Urine

Question 28

What do prostaglandins do?

Answer 28

Act as vasodilators

Question 29

What is hypertension?

Answer 29

When blood pressure has become to high

Question 30

Stage 1 hypertension?

Answer 30

140 systole | 90 diastole

Question 31

What is secondary hypertension?

Answer 31

Of known cause

Question 32

What is renovascular disease?

Answer 32

Occlusion of the renal artery leading to a fall in perfusion in that kidney, leading to an increased renin production

Question 33

What is renal parenchymal disease?

Answer 33

Early stage is loss of vasodilator substance Later stages sodium ion and water retention due to inadequate glomerular filtration

Question 34

What is conn's syndrome?

Answer 34

An adenoma that secretes aldosterone

Question 35

What would Cushing's syndrome lead to high blood pressure?

Answer 35

Cortisol has weak mineralcorticoid activity in excess can act as aldosterone,

Question 36

What is after-load?

Answer 36

What the heart has to work against to eject blood

Question 37

What are some lifestyle changes that can be done to reduce blood pressure?

Answer 37

Exercise Diet reduce sodium intake reduce alcohol intake

Question 38

What drugs can be used to target the RAAS system?

Answer 38

ACE inhibitors | AngII receptor antagonists

Question 39

Why would a L-type calcium channel blocker reduce blood pressure?

Answer 39

Reduce the calcium entry to smooth muscle and so relax the vessel

Question 40

What first line diuretic is used?

Answer 40

Thiazide

Question 41

How does thiazide work?

Answer 41

Blocks Sodium/ chlorine co trans-porter

Question 42

What diuretic is an aldosterone antagonist?

Answer 42

spironolactone