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CVS > 2 CVS - The Heart as a Pump > Flashcards

2 CVS - The Heart as a Pump Flashcards

1
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction and ejection of blood from ventricles

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2
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of filling of ventricles

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3
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

The amount of blood pumped per beat. 70ml per beat

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4
Q

An action potential causes a rise in intracellular ….?

A

Calcium

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5
Q

What heart valve is on the right?

A

Tricuspid

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6
Q

What heart valve is on the left?

A

Mitral

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7
Q

What controls the opening and closing of valves?

A

The differential blood pressure on either side of it

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8
Q

When atrial pressure is higher than ventricle pressure, what will happen?

A

the mitral and tricuspid valves will open?

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9
Q

What do the cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves attach to?

A

Attach to papillary muscles via chordae tendineae

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10
Q

What are the seven phases of the cardiac cycle?

A 
1 Atrial Contraction
2 Isovolumetric Contraction 
3 Rapid ejection
4 Reduced ejection 
5 Isovolumetric relaxation
6 Rapid filling
7 Reduced filling
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11
Q

What phases are involved in systole?

A

2-4

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12
Q

What effect does heart rate on systole and diastole?

A

Systole remains constant from beat to beat, the length of diastole varies with heart rate

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13
Q

How long is systole?

A

0.35 seconds

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14
Q

What is the A wave?

A

the rise in atrial pressure due to atrial systole

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15
Q

How is the majority of ventricle filling achieved?

A

Passive diffusion

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16
Q

What does the P wave on an ECG signify?

A

Onset of atrial depolarisation?

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17
Q

What is on the X and Y axis of a wiggers diagram?

A

X axis is used to plot the time

Y axis is used to plot Aortic, Atrial and Ventricular pressure and ventricular volume and an ECG

18
Q

When does the mitral valve close?

A

As the intraventricular pressure exceeds the atrial pressure

19
Q

What happens to the ventricular volume during isovolumetric contraction?

A

No change in volume as all the valves are closed

20
Q

What happens to the ventricular pressure during isovolumetric contraction?

A

there is a rapid rise in ventricular pressure as it contracts

21
Q

What is responsible for the first hear sound? S1

A

Closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves, results in the first heart sound

22
Q

When does ventricular ejection begin?

A

When the intraventricular pressure exceeds the pressure within the aorta?

23
Q

What noise is the opening of the aortic valve responsible for?

A

None, ya dummy

24
Q

What is the X descent

A

During rapid ejection, the Atrial pressure is initially decreased as the atrial base is pulled downwards as the ventricle contracts. This is called the “X descent”

25
Q

What leads to a reduced rate of ejection?

A

Repolarization of the ventricles

26
Q

What is the V wave?

A

Atrial pressure gradually rises due to the continuous venous return. V wave = Venous return

27
Q

What is the dicrotic notch?

A

The graph of aortic pressure throughout the cardiac cycle displays a small dip which coincides with the aortic valve closure.

28
Q

What causes the aortic valve to close?

A

When the intra-ventricular pressure falls below the aortic pressure, there is a brief back-flow of blood which causes the aortic valve to close

29
Q

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves results in which heart sound?

A

S2

30
Q

What is the Y descent?

A

Fall in atrial pressure, that occurs after the opening of the mitral valve

31
Q

Sometimes there is a third heart sound, S3, what is the cause of this?

A

Ventricular filling

32
Q

At rest how full are the ventricles?

A

90%

33
Q

By the end of what phase can you calculate the EDV?

A

Atrial Contraction

34
Q

What are the two main causes of abnormal valve function?

A

Stenosis and regurgitation

35
Q

In simple terms what happens in valve stenosis?

A

The valve does’t open enough leading to obstruction to blood flow when the valve is open

36
Q

What is regurgitation?

A

The valve doesn’t open all the way, leading to back leakage when the the valve should be closed

37
Q

What are the causes of aortic valve stenosis?

A

Degenerative, congenital, chronic rheumatic fever

38
Q

What are the complications of aortic valve stenosis?

A

LV hypertrophy, syncope, angina, Microangipathic haemolytic anaemia

39
Q

What is microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia?

A

Loss of red blood cells through destruction, shear stress

40
Q

What happens to systolic and diastolic pressure in aortic valve regurgitation?

A

Systolic pressure increases, diastolic pressure decreases

41
Q

What is the main cause of mitral valve stenosis?

A

Rheumatic fever

CVS (22 decks)

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