9 Heart Failure Flashcards
Define heart failure
When the heart fails to maintain an adequate circulation for the needs of the body despite
What is systolic heart failure?
a problem with pumping
What is diastolic heart failure?
A problem with filling
What are the main causes of systolic heart failure?
- Heart muscle disease
- Reduced blood supply
- Valvular heart disease
- Arrhytmias
What is the ejection fraction?
Volume ejected/total volume filled multiplied by a 100
When ejection fraction suggests heart failure?
Below 40%
What is the major cause of diastolic heart failure?
Hypertension
What is the relationship between central venous pressure and cardiac output?
A decrease in cardiac output by either a decreased heart rate or stroke volume results in blood backing up into the venous circulation as less blood is pumped into the arterial circulation
Describe structural features of systolic heart failure?
Thin walls, weakened muscles, increased ventricle volume
Describe structural features of diastolic heart failure?
Increase muscle, less ventricle volume
Which sided heart failure leads to oedema?
Right, think they both do but definately right
What can been seen on further examination of left sided heart failure?
- Tachycardia
- Central cyanosis
- 3rd or 4th heart sound
- Murmur
Which side heart failure is pitting oedema associated with?
Right
How does RAAS system activation leads to deleterious long term effects?
Angiotensin II worsens HF by causing vasoconstriction and by increasing aldosterone production, which not only enhances Na reabsorption in the distal nephron but also causes myocardial and vascular collagen deposition and fibrosis.
What does is the role of natriuretic hormone?
Produced in response to increased atrial volume and pressure, leads to an increase in renal excretion of Na
