Period 5- 1750 to 1900 Flashcards
American Revolution
first cause was distance from colonies weakened royal rule
7 years wars left them needing money so the Revenue Act, the Stamp Act, and the Tea Act, were intended to raise funds for the British government
Colonist weren’t happy with Parliament started revolting with “No taxation without representations
The Americans kept getting defeated until the French decided to help, they brought ships, soldiers, weapons, and money
Seven Years’s War
The French enlisted the Algonquin and Iroquois tribes to fight English colonist with them however the English were victorious
alot of debts therefore the British needed to raise taxes
Thomas Paine
urged colonists to support independence movement, in his pamphlet “common sense” he attacked the British monarchy and appealed to the colonists to form a better government
French Revolution
debts from Palace of Versailles, the Seven Years’ Wars, American Revolution, and the War of Spanish Succession, droughts damaging French harvested
Estates General
Louis 14th needed to raise taxes so he called a meeting of the Estates-General to get everyone on board
Estates General part 2
the first estates was made up of the clergy,
the second estate was made up of the nobles,
the third estate was made up if everyone else—peasants farmers and middle class or bourgeoisie
National Assembly
Frustrated because they were shut out of the new constitution by the other estates, the third estate declared themselves the National Assembly
Declaration of the Rights of Man
adopted by national assembly
a document recognizing natural rights based on the enlightenment, American Declaration of Independence, and writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau
effect of French Revolution
The Reign of Terror
decline in church’s power
constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy
The National assembly ratified a new constitution, similar to the U.S constitution except that instead of a president, the king held on to executive power, making it a constitutional monarchy
The convention
French leaders drew up a new constitution, under this new constitution, the Convention became the new ruling body
abolished monarchy proclaimed France a republic
Jacobins
Radicals that led The convention
Committer of Public Safety
afraid of foreign treats
an all powerful enforcer of the revolution and murderer of anyone suspected of anti-revolutionary tendencies
controlled the reign of terro
The Reign of Terror
Led by Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobins
Guillotine was used as a method of inhuman excecution, chopped off head
The Directory
When French had enough of Robespierre they established a five man government
Star military leader was Napoleon Bonaparte, after military success on behalf of the directory, he overthrew the directory
Napolean
He legitimized his actions through popular vote and made himself the First Consul under the new constitution
napoleonic code, religious freedom, recounciled relationship between church and state to restore unity
Napoleonic Code
made French citizens equal and institutionalized some of the enlightenment ideas
The rights of women and children were very limited
Napoleon’s empire
nepotism, put his family in paces he conquered
created nationalism by making everyone speak french
Empire starting falling because France lacked resources to control far-flung empire,
Congress of Vienna
Leaders of countries that overthrew Napoleon met in Vienna to decide how to restore order in Europe
Reaffirmed absolute rule
tried to erase the whole French Revolution and Napoleon from European consciousness and restore royal order
Agricultural Revolution II
through a process call enclosure, public lands that were shared during the Middle Ages were enclosed by fences, this allowed for private farming and private gain
New machines for plowing, seeding, and reaping, and development of chemical fertilizers allowed farmers to increase the amount of land they could farm and decreasing the amount of people needed to do it
Unification of Italy
taly was a tangle of foreign controlled small kingdoms, Austria controlled Venetia, Lombardy, and Tuscany; France controlled Rome and Papal States, only the kingdom of Sardinia was controlled by Italians
Victor Emmanuel II managed to remove Austrian influence by siding with European powers in a series of wars
Unification of Germany
William I, appointed Otto Von Bismarck prime minister to build the military and consolidate the region under its authority
To achieve consolidation Bismarck had to defeat Austria, which he did
After winning the war Bismarck crowned King William I as emperor of the German Empire
Romanov czars
Russia Consolidates power by giving them absolute power
abolishing of serfs in Russia
Alexander II began reforming, he issued the Emancipation Edict which abolished serfdom
serfs won their freedom and had opportunities to become land owners
but they has little political rights
they were given little land and they had to give huge payments to the governments to be able to keep the
The People’s Will
An intellectual class began to assert itself against monarchy and Alexander II was killed by political group
Russification
all Russians were expected to learn Russian language and convert to Russian Orthodoxy, anyone who didn’t was persecuted especially the Jews
1823 State of Union Address
to ensure Europe wouldn’t recolonize the Americas, president Monroe declared in his 1823 State of Union Address that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to Europeans
Monroe Doctrine
declaration in 1823 establishing America as a completely independent country
Roosevelt Corollary
added to the Monroe doctrine by President Theodore Roosevelt
said that the U.S would intervene in financial disputes between European powers and countries in the Americas if that would maintain peace
Spanish- American Wars
Spain still controlled Cuba and Puerto Rico was involved in conflict with Cuban revolutionaries when the U.S sympathized with the Cubans and launched the war
Cuba received independence in exchange for compromises to the U.S like allowing the creation of two U.S naval bases
