Period 4- 1450 to 1750 Flashcards
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented the printing press during the renaissance
The prince
after printing press was invented books became easier to produce
Machiavelli produced the prince
It was a book for monarchs who wanted to maintain their power
Suggested monarch should be different from the church
And a leader should act it self-interest rather than moral principle
Causes of the Renaissance
Trade from Africa and the middle east introduced new ideas & money to Italy
The crusades
The plague because people started to get suspicious of the church since they couldn’t fix the problem
Artists of the renaissance
Michelangelo
Leonardo da Vinci
Donatello
Renaissance writers
Machiavelli, wrote the prince
Erasmus, wrote In Praise of Folly
William Shakespeare, most famously wrote sonnets, plays, etc
Humanism
Classicism, individualism, and secularism
People started to think for themselves
Interested in literature, history, and moral philosophy
Believed it was possible to live a moral life and participate in activities of the world
Protestant reformation
Hutch had to finance it building project and pay for renaissance artist
So they began to sell indulgences
Indulgences generate wealth and maimed church’s power
Sale of indulgences angered peasants and confirmed corruption
Nobles started resenting bc the church utilized their resources
Indulgences
A piece of paper that reduced sins
Martin Luther
Attacked sale of indulgences
Made a list of 95 arguments that spread quickly due to printing press
His list condemned the Catholic Church and called for reforms
Advocates closure of monasteries, translation of the Bible, and to end priestly authority
Said salvation was given directly by god not through church, this reduced church’s power as the middle man
Germany in Protestant reformation
Reformed church along the lines of Luther’s teachings
King Henry VIII
At first he didn’t allow Protestants and lutherans to build a following
Until pope failed to divorce him from his wife
Henry responded by making himself head of Anglican Church as English pope
John Calvin
Led a Protestant group by preaching of predestination
Catholic reformation
Led by Spain
Church started winning some of its credibility by banning indulgences and training priest
Weekly mass became obligatory
Council of Trent
Assembly of high church officials who met to address matters of doctrine and reform
St. Ignatius Loyola
Founded society of jesuits
Influential in restoring faith in the teachings of Jesus
Henry the Navigator
Sponsored voyages down the west African coast
Established trading post
Allowed Europeans to directly buy sliced and silk than Muslim merchant middlemen
Vasco da Gama
his cargo of pepper and cinnamon was very profitable and portuguese merchants began to organize further expeditions
Join Stock Company
an organization created to pool the resources of many merchants, and distributing the costs and risk of colonization and reducing the danger for individual investors
Ming Dynasty
founded by Emperor Hongwu
reestablished the confucian educational and civil service systems that was lost ater mogols
rebuild irrigation systems, as a result agricultural production increased
promoted manufacture of porcelain, silk, and cotton textiles
isolated
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism
Spanish Inquisition
Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to hunt out heretical or contrary opinions; subjects of persecution included Protestants, Jews, Muslims, and witches.
Phillip II sought to continue it
Louis 14th
ruled by divine right
built a residence at versailles and moved his court there to keep an eye on them
louis
Peter The Great
reformed army by extensive training and modern equipment from the west
commanded his subjects to wear western european fashion and ordered men to shave their beards, called westernization
Table of Rank, llowed non nobles to serve the state and join the nobility … nobility based on merit
30 Year’s War
War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies
ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia
Peace of Westphalia
ended the 30 years war
laid foundations for a system of independent states
regarded each state as sovereign and equal
Catherine The Great
divided her empire into administrative provinces
worked to improve russia’s peasantry by restricting the punishment the noble owners could inflict on serfs
Ottoman Empire
founded by Osman Bey
Made Constantinople their capital city, renamed it Istanbul, and converted cathedrals to mosques
religiously tolerant
rulers: Selim I and Suleiman
Jannisaries
ottoman empire
enslaved children of Christian subjects turned into warriors
Mughal Empire
founded by Babur
located in India
Akbar
Mughal Empire
unify India by governing under religious tolerance
He eliminated the Jizya, the head tax on Hindus
Tried to improve women’s position by eliminating the sati, the practice where Hindu women would throw themselves on their husband’s funeral pyres
Red Head
name given to Safavid followers because of their distinctive red headgear
Chaldiran
Site of battle between Safavids and Ottomans in 1514; Safavids severely defeated by Ottomans; checked western advance of Safavid Empire.
Mullahs
Local mosque officials within the Safavid Empire
tried to convert all of population to Shi’ism
Abbas the Great
monopolized firearms within Safavid armies; incorporated Western military technology.
created slaves on captured Russians
sufism
safavid religion
goal was to recover lost intimacy between God and the human soul
King Alfonos I
in the Kingdom of Kongo who was a devout Roman Catholic and sought to convert all the subjects to Christianity
Queen Nzinga
repelled the conquest of Angola (Kingdom of Ndongo) for forty years. She led spirited resistance against the Portuguese, often dressing as a male warrior when leading troops into battle
Ndongo
The Kingdom of Ndongo was the place where Portuguese started to pick up the slave trade. It was referred to as Angola by the Portuguese.
Zheng He
Chinese Navigator
ming government sponsored naval expeditions to make chinese presence in indian ocean basin
expeditions came to an end because confucian ministers believed that the resources committed to the expeditions would go to better uses if used for agriculture
Ming Empire fall
The Ming Emperor invited Qing warriors to help him in a peasant uprising but instead the Qing drove out the emperor
Qin or Manchu dynasty
Manchu emperors Kangxi and Qianlong were Confucian scholars
Antonian Movement
a syncretic cult in Kongo
believed jesus was black, kongo was the real home of christianity, and heavens was for africans
When the Manchus felt threatened by European advances they expelled Europeans and banned Christianity
Dona Beatriz
began Antonian moverment
Tokugawa Shogunate
established by Tokugawa Ieyasu
a strict government, the shogun consolidated power away from the emperor
also known as Edo period because capital was in Edo
National Seclusion policy
prohibited Japanese from traveling and foreigners from visiting Japan