Period 3- 600 C.E to 1450 Flashcards
5 Pillars of Islam
Confession of faith, prayer 5 times a day, charity to the needy, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca
Muslim believed salvation was won by following this
Shia & Sunni split
Occurred over disagreement about who should succeed Muhammad
Sunnis believed Ali and his hereditary line were the chosen successors
Shiite believed they were
Umayyad dynasty
Conquered subjects were encouraged to convert to Islam those who weren’t had to pay taxes
Gold and silver became standard monetary unit
Spanned large areas of land the facilitated trade and brought unity
were overthrown by Abbasid Dynasty
Abbasid Dynasty
Golden age of Islamic Empire
Capital at Baghdad which became cultural center of the world
Developed a system of itemized recipes and bills
Religiously tolerant
Fall of the Umayyad
Shuttle began to assert themselves more dramatically because they believed the Ummayad leader wasn’t the chosen one
In battle for control of the empire again Abu al-Abbas ( descendant of Muhammad’s uncle) the Umayyad was defeated
Battle of Talus
Defeated tang Chinese army for control of Silk Road trading post
Sufis
Islamic missionaries
Stressed a personal relationship with Allah rather than a particular form of ritual
Decline of Islamic Caliphates
Civil war from differences between Shitte & Sunni
Turkish warrior spaces revolted and established new capital in central Iraq
External foes- Persians, Europeans, and Byzantine
During crusades Mongols overran Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad
Dar al-Islam
Religious conceptualization of the world belonging either to Muslim or non-Muslim territory
Allowed expeditions from other countries to be facilitated
Byzantine Empire
Roman Empire split; the west fell and became decentralized while the east became the Byzantine empire
Ruled by a patriarch
Practiced Eastern Orthodox
Emperors ruled by absolute authority,monopolized silk production, and used coined money
Western Europe (after fall of Roman Empire)
Was catholic
Ruled by the pope
Fragmented into small feudal kingdoms with limited power and cultural and intellectual advancements
Justinian
Restored former glory & unity of Roman Empire in Constantinople
Remember for : Justinianic code ( kept ancient Roman legal principles alive), flourishing arts and science (showed in construction of building and churches, evident in Hagia Sophia), his ambitions to reconsider western half of Roman Empire
Byzantine and Western Europe disagreement
Sacrament of communion If priests should be allow to marry Use of local languages in church Nature of god Placement of icons during worship
Schism
Differences between pope and Byzantine patriarch were so great the pop excommunicated him e
From that point the church of Constantinople influenced and east and Roman Catholicism influenced the west
Impact of Eastern Orthodoxy on Russia
Slavic people were converted to Christianity by St.Cyril
Used Greek alphabet to create a Cyrillic alphabet
Russian Orthodox Church was aligned with Byzantine
Roman church reformed later and Russian Greek churches didn’t
That and mongol invasion caused Russia to become culturally different from other great powers of Europe
The franks
After they caused the fall of the Roman Empire they settled there and converted to Christianity
Under the leadership of Clovis
After he died his Empire was divided among his sons
Declined after it was divided
Battle of tours
Charles Martel led the revolt against the Muslim armies and defeated them
Carolingian dynasty
Charles Martel put his sons as successors
Pepin the Short ascended to the throne
Charles chose to have his succession certified by the pope
Frank built large kingdom but wasn’t considered an empire by historical standard
Holy Roman Empire
Empire built by Charlemagne upon coronation of Otto the Great
Had little if common with original Roman Empire
Marked beginning of Western European ambition in empire building
Society was structured around feudalism
Charlemagne
Focused on the art and education with a religious bent
Rule was absolute
Had overall control but local lords held power over local territories
Failed to build strong united empire because he didn’t levy taxes
Treaty of Verdun
Holy Roman Empire was divided among Charlemagne’s three grandsons
Vikings
They invaded Europe along with Magyars from Hungary
They used their highly maneuverable multi pared boats to raid beyond their borders
We’re merchants and fishermen
That and raids led to settlements in Canada, Russia, and France
Norman
Another name for Vikings in France
European feudalism
Social, political, and economic system of Middle Ages
Strict hierarchy
European feudalism hierarchy
King who had power over an entire territory called his kingdom
Nobles, who in exchange for military services & loyalty to the king were granted power over sections of kingdom
Vassals, lesser lords who controlled lesser lands
Peasants, worked on the land
Fiefs
estates granted to vassals
Later known as manors
Manors
The lord and peasant lived on the manor
Peasants worked the land for the lord in exchange for protection and a place to live
Manors were self-sufficient
Three-field system
Centered on the rotation of three Fields
One stress for the fall harvest, one for the spring, and one not-seeded fallow harvest
This allowed for food surpluses
Code of chivalry
An honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect
The nobles followed the code
Primogeniture
When a lord died under the feudal system his land and totaled passed down via that to his eldest son
Women in feudalism
Land equaled power and only males were able to inherit land so some were powerless
Women’s education was limited to domestic skills
Noble women were admired primarily for their feminine traits
Serfs
Another name for peasants
They couldn’t leave the manor without permission from their lord
Their “imprisonment” on the land led surfs to be highly skilled workers
Baking in Europe (around feudalism)
Result was emergence of middle class Made up of craftsmen and merchants Success of middle class lured more people into town in hopes of making more money
Burghers
Middle class merchants Due to new importance of trade towns with wealthy merchants arose near manors
Hanseatic league
Towns formed alliances
This was the most significant alliance because it controlled trade throughout much of Northern Europe
Effects of town was drive toward nationhood and to increase social mobility
Cathedrals
Greatest artistic achievement if Middle Ages
Led to gothic style
Gothic cathedral were designed to draw worshippers closer to god
Crusades 11th - 14th century
Military campaigns undertaken by European christians to take over the holy land and covering muslims and other non christians to Christianity
Heresies
People began to question organized religion
Process of reasoning gave rise to this
Religious practiced that don’t conform to traditional church doctrine
Pope innocent III
When he issued strict decrees on church doctrine
Under him perceived heretics and Jews were persecuted
And a 4th and unsuccessful crusade was attempted
Pope Gregory IX
Set into motion the inquisition
Inquisition
Interrogation and persecution process of perceived heretics
Punishment ranged from excommunication and exile to torture and execution
Thomas Aquinas
He wrote Summa Theologica
Outlined his view that faith and reason are not in conflict, they’re both gifts from god to enhance each other
King John
During his rule English nobles rebelled and forced him to sign Magna Carta
Magna Carta
Reinstated feudal rights for nobles extended law to burgher class Laid foundation for parliament
Joan of Arc
Claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from England
She managed to convince French authority that has had been divinely inspired to lead the men to battle
Significant in starting hundreds year war
Hundreds Years’ War
Between England and France resulted in England’s withdrawal from France
Queen Isabella
United most of Spain into single monarchy by marrying Ferdinand
Ferdinand was heir to Spanish kingdom of Aragon
Spanish Inquisition
Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand aligned with the Catholic Church and ended religious tolerance
Result was that non Christians were forced to convert or leave the country
This marked the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition
Tang Dynasty
Founded by the Li family was a Confucian dynasty Bureaucrat system based on merit Completed grand canal Empire became so large that warlords gain a lot of power it fell
Li Bo
Most famous poet of the tang era
Foot binding
Usually upperclassmen women did this
Sometimes peasants would do it to attract noble men
Demonstrated patriarchal society
Xuanzong
Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty
Defeated Empress Wei.
Tang tributary system
Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, and central Asian tribes acknowledged Chinese supremacy with gifts
Empress Wu
The only women to rule china
Elevates Buddhism to status of state
Flying money
Chinese credit
Reduced danger of robbery for merchants
Song Dynasty
Ruled by Taizu(Zhao Kuangyin) Started using gunpowder in weapons Printing press was developed All built compass, water tight bulkhead, and sternpost rudders which made Chinese ships the best Foot binding became more widespread First to have paper money
Yuan dynasty
First time China was under foreign rule
Ming dynasty
Re-centralized china
Feudal Japan
Stuff
Aztec
Built their capital in tenochitlan
Warriors were the elite
Joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan to create triple alliance
Areas they governed were able to govern themselves as long as they paid tribute
Aztec religion tied to military because one of the purposes of the military was to obtain victims for human sacrifice
The Inca
Set in Peru
Capital at Cuzco
Road system allowed them to communicate with all parts of Empire
Spread Quechua language
Controlled by using professional army, a bureaucracy, unified language, and system of Road and tunnels
No animals so humans were source of labor
Quipu helped them record data
Excellent builders, evident in temple of the sun & temples of Manchu
Champa
Fast ripening rice
lol led with agricultural techniques it increased food supplies
Led to rapid population growth from 600 to 1200 c.e
Yamato clan
The first important ruling family in Japan
Claimed that the emperor was a direct descendent of the sun goddess which helped them stay in power
Shinto
Japanese religion
Means “the way of the gods”
They worshipped the kami
Their goal was to become part of the kami by following certain rituals
Buddhist missionaries
Brought with them Chinese culture to Japan
Buddhism didn’t replace Shinto instead they adopted it while hanging on to their Shinto beliefs
Prince Shotoku
Borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms from the Tang Dynasty
Taika reforms
Enacted after prince Shotoku’s from Japan death
Built their new capital and modeled it on the Tang capital
Japanese Confucianism rejection
The main difference between Japan and china
In Japan they believed the nobles classes were hereditary not earned
Fujiwara
Japanese society experienced something like a golden age
in feudal Japan the emperor was the figurehead but didn’t hold the real power
Yoritomo Minamoto
Was given title of chief general or Shogun by emperor in Fujiwara family
Feudal japan hierarchy
Shogun
Damiyo, owners of large tracts of land (like lord in Europe)
Vassals, lesser samurai
Peasants and artisans, worked the fields and shops to support damiyo
just like in Europe, the hierarchy was bound together in a land for loyalty exchange
Damiyo
Powerful samurai, like knights
Part warrior part nobility
And they divided up their land to less samurai
Code of Bushido
Samurai followed this strict code of conduct
Code stresses loyalty, courage, and honor
If they failed to meet obligations they were expected to commit suicide
Women in feudal Japan
Unlike in feudal Europe which women were adored because of their feminine traits
Women in Fujiwara period were forced to live harsher lives
Delhi Sultanate
Islamic invaders set up in India in the Delhi under their leader the sultan
Non muslims had to pay tax
Under sultans colleges were founded, irrigation systems were improved, mosques were built
Genghis Khan
Using his military and organizational skills
He unified Mongol tubes and set them on a path that would lead to the largest empire
Led the Mongol invasion in china
Mongol Empire
Allowed for exchange of good, ideas, and cultured
Became assimilated into the cultures of they people they defeating
Mongol conquest
Ruthless warrior
We’re highly organized and highly mobile
Their bows had a ranged more than anybody else’s
Had a network of spied that investigated their enemies before battle
Mongol impact
Russia was treated as a vassal state therefore it didn’t unify if culturally develop as quickly as Western Europe
Cultural diffusion grew
Transmitted bubonic plague
Brought the world together
Kublai Khan
Dismissed Confucian scholars
Forbade marriages between mongols and Chinese
Wouldn’t allowed Chinese to learn Mongol language
Chinese weren’t allowed to MONGOLIZE
Axum
African civilization
Converted to Christianity
Swahili coast
Traded with muslims
Swahili trades brought gold, slaves, ivory, etc to the coast for pottery, glass, and textiles
To facilitate political and economic relationships, ruling elites converted to Islam
Important cities
Kilwa
Mombasa
Lamu
Ghana
Center do gold trade
Muslim merchants travels on camels in Ghana in search for gold
Became wealthy by controlling and taxing god
Traded gold, ivory, and slaves in exchanges for horses and salt
It wealth supported wadis and Muslim scholars
Mali
Built by Sundiata
Camels linked Africa
Rulers honored Islam by providing protection and lodging to Muslim merchants
Mansa Musa made it great
Mansa Musa
Built capital at Timbuktu
Observed Islamic tradition by making pilgrimage to Mecca
He built mosques
Sent promising scholars to study with Muslim scholars
Established religious schools
Songhai
Largest empire in west Africa
Ruler was Sonni Ali
Timbuktu became major cultural center
Oral literature
Important part of life in Africa
Histories and stories were passed down from one generation to the next through story telling
Benin culture
Mastered bronze sculpting technique
Aztec women
Subordinate public role but could inherit property
Women’s principle function was to bear children
If a women died during childbirth she won same fame as warriors who died on battle fields
Inca women
Expected to help work field, weave cloths, and care for household
Could pass property to their daughter
Played a role in religion
Bubonic plague
Spread from china
Mongols and merchants spread it along Silk Road and seaports
First arrived t Italy
Led to urban workers demanding higher wages and leaving to find better condition
