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Ap World History > Period 3- 600 C.E to 1450 > Flashcards

Period 3- 600 C.E to 1450 Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

5 Pillars of Islam

A

Confession of faith, prayer 5 times a day, charity to the needy, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca
Muslim believed salvation was won by following this

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2
Q

Shia & Sunni split

A

Occurred over disagreement about who should succeed Muhammad
Sunnis believed Ali and his hereditary line were the chosen successors
Shiite believed they were

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3
Q

Umayyad dynasty

A

Conquered subjects were encouraged to convert to Islam those who weren’t had to pay taxes
Gold and silver became standard monetary unit
Spanned large areas of land the facilitated trade and brought unity
were overthrown by Abbasid Dynasty

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4
Q

Abbasid Dynasty

A

Golden age of Islamic Empire
Capital at Baghdad which became cultural center of the world
Developed a system of itemized recipes and bills
Religiously tolerant

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5
Q

Fall of the Umayyad

A

Shuttle began to assert themselves more dramatically because they believed the Ummayad leader wasn’t the chosen one
In battle for control of the empire again Abu al-Abbas ( descendant of Muhammad’s uncle) the Umayyad was defeated

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6
Q

Battle of Talus

A

Defeated tang Chinese army for control of Silk Road trading post

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7
Q

Sufis

A

Islamic missionaries

Stressed a personal relationship with Allah rather than a particular form of ritual

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8
Q

Decline of Islamic Caliphates

A

Civil war from differences between Shitte & Sunni
Turkish warrior spaces revolted and established new capital in central Iraq
External foes- Persians, Europeans, and Byzantine
During crusades Mongols overran Islamic Empire and destroyed Baghdad

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9
Q

Dar al-Islam

A

Religious conceptualization of the world belonging either to Muslim or non-Muslim territory
Allowed expeditions from other countries to be facilitated

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10
Q

Byzantine Empire

A

Roman Empire split; the west fell and became decentralized while the east became the Byzantine empire
Ruled by a patriarch
Practiced Eastern Orthodox
Emperors ruled by absolute authority,monopolized silk production, and used coined money

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11
Q

Western Europe (after fall of Roman Empire)

A

Was catholic
Ruled by the pope
Fragmented into small feudal kingdoms with limited power and cultural and intellectual advancements

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12
Q

Justinian

A

Restored former glory & unity of Roman Empire in Constantinople
Remember for : Justinianic code ( kept ancient Roman legal principles alive), flourishing arts and science (showed in construction of building and churches, evident in Hagia Sophia), his ambitions to reconsider western half of Roman Empire

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13
Q

Byzantine and Western Europe disagreement

A 
Sacrament of communion
If priests should be allow to marry
Use of local languages in church
Nature of god
Placement of icons during worship
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14
Q

Schism

A

Differences between pope and Byzantine patriarch were so great the pop excommunicated him e
From that point the church of Constantinople influenced and east and Roman Catholicism influenced the west

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15
Q

Impact of Eastern Orthodoxy on Russia

A

Slavic people were converted to Christianity by St.Cyril
Used Greek alphabet to create a Cyrillic alphabet
Russian Orthodox Church was aligned with Byzantine
Roman church reformed later and Russian Greek churches didn’t
That and mongol invasion caused Russia to become culturally different from other great powers of Europe

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16
Q

The franks

A

After they caused the fall of the Roman Empire they settled there and converted to Christianity
Under the leadership of Clovis
After he died his Empire was divided among his sons
Declined after it was divided

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17
Q

Battle of tours

A

Charles Martel led the revolt against the Muslim armies and defeated them

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18
Q

Carolingian dynasty

A

Charles Martel put his sons as successors
Pepin the Short ascended to the throne
Charles chose to have his succession certified by the pope
Frank built large kingdom but wasn’t considered an empire by historical standard

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19
Q

Holy Roman Empire

A

Empire built by Charlemagne upon coronation of Otto the Great
Had little if common with original Roman Empire
Marked beginning of Western European ambition in empire building
Society was structured around feudalism

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20
Q

Charlemagne

A

Focused on the art and education with a religious bent
Rule was absolute
Had overall control but local lords held power over local territories
Failed to build strong united empire because he didn’t levy taxes

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21
Q

Treaty of Verdun

A

Holy Roman Empire was divided among Charlemagne’s three grandsons

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22
Q

Vikings

A

They invaded Europe along with Magyars from Hungary
They used their highly maneuverable multi pared boats to raid beyond their borders
We’re merchants and fishermen
That and raids led to settlements in Canada, Russia, and France

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23
Q

Norman

A

Another name for Vikings in France

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24
Q

European feudalism

A

Social, political, and economic system of Middle Ages

Strict hierarchy

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25
European feudalism hierarchy
King who had power over an entire territory called his kingdom Nobles, who in exchange for military services & loyalty to the king were granted power over sections of kingdom Vassals, lesser lords who controlled lesser lands Peasants, worked on the land
26
Fiefs
estates granted to vassals | Later known as manors
27
Manors
The lord and peasant lived on the manor Peasants worked the land for the lord in exchange for protection and a place to live Manors were self-sufficient
28
Three-field system
Centered on the rotation of three Fields One stress for the fall harvest, one for the spring, and one not-seeded fallow harvest This allowed for food surpluses
29
Code of chivalry
An honor system that strongly condemned betrayal and promoted mutual respect The nobles followed the code
30
Primogeniture
When a lord died under the feudal system his land and totaled passed down via that to his eldest son
31
Women in feudalism
Land equaled power and only males were able to inherit land so some were powerless Women's education was limited to domestic skills Noble women were admired primarily for their feminine traits
32
Serfs
Another name for peasants They couldn't leave the manor without permission from their lord Their "imprisonment" on the land led surfs to be highly skilled workers
33
Baking in Europe (around feudalism)
``` Result was emergence of middle class Made up of craftsmen and merchants Success of middle class lured more people into town in hopes of making more money ```
34
Burghers
``` Middle class merchants Due to new importance of trade towns with wealthy merchants arose near manors ```
35
Hanseatic league
Towns formed alliances This was the most significant alliance because it controlled trade throughout much of Northern Europe Effects of town was drive toward nationhood and to increase social mobility
36
Cathedrals
Greatest artistic achievement if Middle Ages Led to gothic style Gothic cathedral were designed to draw worshippers closer to god
37
Crusades 11th - 14th century
Military campaigns undertaken by European christians to take over the holy land and covering muslims and other non christians to Christianity
38
Heresies
People began to question organized religion Process of reasoning gave rise to this Religious practiced that don't conform to traditional church doctrine
39
Pope innocent III
When he issued strict decrees on church doctrine Under him perceived heretics and Jews were persecuted And a 4th and unsuccessful crusade was attempted
40
Pope Gregory IX
Set into motion the inquisition
41
Inquisition
Interrogation and persecution process of perceived heretics | Punishment ranged from excommunication and exile to torture and execution
42
Thomas Aquinas
He wrote Summa Theologica | Outlined his view that faith and reason are not in conflict, they're both gifts from god to enhance each other
43
King John
During his rule English nobles rebelled and forced him to sign Magna Carta
44
Magna Carta
``` Reinstated feudal rights for nobles extended law to burgher class Laid foundation for parliament ```
45
Joan of Arc
Claimed to have heard voices that told her to liberate France from England She managed to convince French authority that has had been divinely inspired to lead the men to battle Significant in starting hundreds year war
46
Hundreds Years' War
Between England and France resulted in England's withdrawal from France
47
Queen Isabella
United most of Spain into single monarchy by marrying Ferdinand Ferdinand was heir to Spanish kingdom of Aragon
48
Spanish Inquisition
Monarchs Isabella and Ferdinand aligned with the Catholic Church and ended religious tolerance Result was that non Christians were forced to convert or leave the country This marked the beginning of the Spanish Inquisition
49
Tang Dynasty
``` Founded by the Li family was a Confucian dynasty Bureaucrat system based on merit Completed grand canal Empire became so large that warlords gain a lot of power it fell ```
50
Li Bo
Most famous poet of the tang era
51
Foot binding
Usually upperclassmen women did this Sometimes peasants would do it to attract noble men Demonstrated patriarchal society
52
Xuanzong
Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty | Defeated Empress Wei.
53
Tang tributary system
Vietnam, Korea, Tibet, and central Asian tribes acknowledged Chinese supremacy with gifts
54
Empress Wu
The only women to rule china | Elevates Buddhism to status of state
55
Flying money
Chinese credit | Reduced danger of robbery for merchants
56
Song Dynasty
``` Ruled by Taizu(Zhao Kuangyin) Started using gunpowder in weapons Printing press was developed All built compass, water tight bulkhead, and sternpost rudders which made Chinese ships the best Foot binding became more widespread First to have paper money ```
57
Yuan dynasty
First time China was under foreign rule
58
Ming dynasty
Re-centralized china
59
Feudal Japan
Stuff
60
Aztec
Built their capital in tenochitlan Warriors were the elite Joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan to create triple alliance Areas they governed were able to govern themselves as long as they paid tribute Aztec religion tied to military because one of the purposes of the military was to obtain victims for human sacrifice
61
The Inca
Set in Peru Capital at Cuzco Road system allowed them to communicate with all parts of Empire Spread Quechua language Controlled by using professional army, a bureaucracy, unified language, and system of Road and tunnels No animals so humans were source of labor Quipu helped them record data Excellent builders, evident in temple of the sun & temples of Manchu
62
Champa
Fast ripening rice lol led with agricultural techniques it increased food supplies Led to rapid population growth from 600 to 1200 c.e
63
Yamato clan
The first important ruling family in Japan | Claimed that the emperor was a direct descendent of the sun goddess which helped them stay in power
64
Shinto
Japanese religion Means "the way of the gods" They worshipped the kami Their goal was to become part of the kami by following certain rituals
65
Buddhist missionaries
Brought with them Chinese culture to Japan | Buddhism didn't replace Shinto instead they adopted it while hanging on to their Shinto beliefs
66
Prince Shotoku
Borrowed bureaucratic and legal reforms from the Tang Dynasty
67
Taika reforms
Enacted after prince Shotoku's from Japan death | Built their new capital and modeled it on the Tang capital
68
Japanese Confucianism rejection
The main difference between Japan and china | In Japan they believed the nobles classes were hereditary not earned
69
Fujiwara
Japanese society experienced something like a golden age | in feudal Japan the emperor was the figurehead but didn't hold the real power
70
Yoritomo Minamoto
Was given title of chief general or Shogun by emperor in Fujiwara family
71
Feudal japan hierarchy
Shogun Damiyo, owners of large tracts of land (like lord in Europe) Vassals, lesser samurai Peasants and artisans, worked the fields and shops to support damiyo just like in Europe, the hierarchy was bound together in a land for loyalty exchange
72
Damiyo
Powerful samurai, like knights Part warrior part nobility And they divided up their land to less samurai
73
Code of Bushido
Samurai followed this strict code of conduct Code stresses loyalty, courage, and honor If they failed to meet obligations they were expected to commit suicide
74
Women in feudal Japan
Unlike in feudal Europe which women were adored because of their feminine traits Women in Fujiwara period were forced to live harsher lives
75
Delhi Sultanate
Islamic invaders set up in India in the Delhi under their leader the sultan Non muslims had to pay tax Under sultans colleges were founded, irrigation systems were improved, mosques were built
76
Genghis Khan
Using his military and organizational skills He unified Mongol tubes and set them on a path that would lead to the largest empire Led the Mongol invasion in china
77
Mongol Empire
Allowed for exchange of good, ideas, and cultured | Became assimilated into the cultures of they people they defeating
78
Mongol conquest
Ruthless warrior We're highly organized and highly mobile Their bows had a ranged more than anybody else's Had a network of spied that investigated their enemies before battle
79
Mongol impact
Russia was treated as a vassal state therefore it didn't unify if culturally develop as quickly as Western Europe Cultural diffusion grew Transmitted bubonic plague Brought the world together
80
Kublai Khan
Dismissed Confucian scholars Forbade marriages between mongols and Chinese Wouldn't allowed Chinese to learn Mongol language Chinese weren't allowed to MONGOLIZE
81
Axum
African civilization | Converted to Christianity
82
Swahili coast
Traded with muslims Swahili trades brought gold, slaves, ivory, etc to the coast for pottery, glass, and textiles To facilitate political and economic relationships, ruling elites converted to Islam Important cities Kilwa Mombasa Lamu
83
Ghana
Center do gold trade Muslim merchants travels on camels in Ghana in search for gold Became wealthy by controlling and taxing god Traded gold, ivory, and slaves in exchanges for horses and salt It wealth supported wadis and Muslim scholars
84
Mali
Built by Sundiata Camels linked Africa Rulers honored Islam by providing protection and lodging to Muslim merchants Mansa Musa made it great
85
Mansa Musa
Built capital at Timbuktu Observed Islamic tradition by making pilgrimage to Mecca He built mosques Sent promising scholars to study with Muslim scholars Established religious schools
86
Songhai
Largest empire in west Africa Ruler was Sonni Ali Timbuktu became major cultural center
87
Oral literature
Important part of life in Africa | Histories and stories were passed down from one generation to the next through story telling
88
Benin culture
Mastered bronze sculpting technique
89
Aztec women
Subordinate public role but could inherit property Women's principle function was to bear children If a women died during childbirth she won same fame as warriors who died on battle fields
90
Inca women
Expected to help work field, weave cloths, and care for household Could pass property to their daughter Played a role in religion
91
Bubonic plague
Spread from china Mongols and merchants spread it along Silk Road and seaports First arrived t Italy Led to urban workers demanding higher wages and leaving to find better condition

Ap World History (15 decks)

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