European Exploration

Question 1

Lateen sails

Answer 1

Allowed ships to sails in any direction regardless of the wind

Question 2

The Astrolabe

Answer 2

Portable navigation device that helped sailors find their way

Question 3

Caravels

Answer 3

Large ships that enabled larger journeys and larger cargo rooms

Question 4

Christopher Columbus

Answer 4

Convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor his voyage

Founded Cuba and West Indies

Question 5

Treaty of Tordesillas

Answer 5

Spain and Portugal were fighting over new lands in America so they came up with this treaty to resolve problems

Treaty established that everything to the west belonged to Spain and everything to the east belongs to Portugal

Question 6

The New World: Aztec

Answer 6

found by Hernan Cortes

smallpox and measles also aided them because it killed most of the people in tenochtitlan

Question 7

Hernan Cortes

Answer 7

cortes led an army to mexico where they seized emperor of aztec empire
formed alliances with people who resented mexica domination

Question 8

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 8

led spanish expedition to peru

many subjects despised the incas as overlords and tax collectors, so they put little resistance to pizarro’s forces

Question 9

Viceroys

Answer 9

mexico and peru were governed by viceroys who were responsible to the king of spain
they were king’s representatives in america

Question 10

Audiencias

Answer 10

to ensure viceroys wouldn’t build their own power they were subjected to the review courts known as the audiencias

the audiencias heard appeals against viceroys’ decisions/ policies and had the right to address their concerns directly to the king

Question 11

Spanish America Heiarchy

Answer 11

Peninsulares, born in Europe sent to govern colornies
Croles, born in colonies to Spaish parents
Mestizos, European and Native American ancestry
Mulattos, European and African ancestry
Natives/ slaves, worked on estates or mines

Question 12

Ecomineda syastems

Answer 12

an institution where recruitment of labor came through; it gave Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel Tainos to work in their mines/fields but also the responsibility of looking after their worker’s health and welfare and to encourage their conversion to Christianity
Taino worked on ecomienda system

Question 13

Mita System

Answer 13

recruited workers for particularly difficult jobs that free laborers wouldn’t accept
draft laborers received low wages and conditions were very harsh
usually working in mines

Question 14

Silver Mills

Answer 14

silver was more abundant than gold in the new world
spanish discovered a large vein of silver near potosi and began large scale mining there
rapid growth created a large demand for labor

Question 15

Engenho

Answer 15

related to the English word engine; known as the sugar mill; the center of the colonial Brazilian life

Question 16

Hacienda

Answer 16

prominent site of agriculture and craft production
produced food for its own use and for sale to local markets
major source of labor for the hacienda were the indigenous people

Question 17

Indentured Servants

Answer 17

servants were recruited from Europe for planters in North America to meet the demand of cheap labor; these servants contained, chronically: unemployed, orphans, political prisoners, and criminals; the indentured labor trade/practice in the Americas continued even into the early 20th century
NATIVES IN NORTH AMERICA RESISITED

Question 18

Slave Trade

Answer 18

Europeans traded guns and other goods to African leaders in exchange for slaves
When plantations of the New World demanded more labor the Europeans began a forced migrations

Question 19

Quinto

Answer 19

mining industries powered the spanish economy and stimulated the world economy
silver produced profits for private investigators
spanish government reserved a fifth of the silver production for itself , this was known as quinto
american silver help spanish kings finance their army and government

Question 20

British and Dutch East India Company

Answer 20

This company was given a charter by the English government giving them a trade monopoly and the right to wage war and govern conquered people.

Question 21

Silver Trade

Answer 21

rade established the first link between Asia and the Americas. Much silver ended up in China.

Question 22

Middle Passage

Answer 22

The Middle Passage was the trade route that moved Africans from their homes to lives of slavery in the Americas.
most slaves died during the passage across the Atlantic due to diseases and bad conditions

Question 23

Conquistadores

Answer 23

looked for more caribbean lands to conquer like mexico and peru

Question 24

Colombia Exchange

Answer 24

took place as a result of the European colonization of the Americas
Eurasia brought wheat, rice, sugar, fruit to the americas, africa brought over coffee, horses, pigs, cattle
american crops brought over included maize potatoes, beans,
migration included enslaved african slaves

Question 25

mercantilism

Answer 25

the goal of economic gain was to benefit the mother country.

Question 26

Virgin of Guadalupe

Answer 26

In Mexico Christianity
became very popular
Virgin of Guadalupe was their national symbol
Signifies syncretism caused by the arrival of Europeans to America.