European Exploration Flashcards
Lateen sails
Allowed ships to sails in any direction regardless of the wind
The Astrolabe
Portable navigation device that helped sailors find their way
Caravels
Large ships that enabled larger journeys and larger cargo rooms
Christopher Columbus
Convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor his voyage
Founded Cuba and West Indies
Treaty of Tordesillas
Spain and Portugal were fighting over new lands in America so they came up with this treaty to resolve problems
Treaty established that everything to the west belonged to Spain and everything to the east belongs to Portugal
The New World: Aztec
found by Hernan Cortes
smallpox and measles also aided them because it killed most of the people in tenochtitlan
Hernan Cortes
cortes led an army to mexico where they seized emperor of aztec empire
formed alliances with people who resented mexica domination
Francisco Pizarro
led spanish expedition to peru
many subjects despised the incas as overlords and tax collectors, so they put little resistance to pizarro’s forces
Viceroys
mexico and peru were governed by viceroys who were responsible to the king of spain
they were king’s representatives in america
Audiencias
to ensure viceroys wouldn’t build their own power they were subjected to the review courts known as the audiencias
the audiencias heard appeals against viceroys’ decisions/ policies and had the right to address their concerns directly to the king
Spanish America Heiarchy
Peninsulares, born in Europe sent to govern colornies
Croles, born in colonies to Spaish parents
Mestizos, European and Native American ancestry
Mulattos, European and African ancestry
Natives/ slaves, worked on estates or mines
Ecomineda syastems
an institution where recruitment of labor came through; it gave Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel Tainos to work in their mines/fields but also the responsibility of looking after their worker’s health and welfare and to encourage their conversion to Christianity
Taino worked on ecomienda system
Mita System
recruited workers for particularly difficult jobs that free laborers wouldn’t accept
draft laborers received low wages and conditions were very harsh
usually working in mines
Silver Mills
silver was more abundant than gold in the new world
spanish discovered a large vein of silver near potosi and began large scale mining there
rapid growth created a large demand for labor
Engenho
related to the English word engine; known as the sugar mill; the center of the colonial Brazilian life
Hacienda
prominent site of agriculture and craft production
produced food for its own use and for sale to local markets
major source of labor for the hacienda were the indigenous people
Indentured Servants
servants were recruited from Europe for planters in North America to meet the demand of cheap labor; these servants contained, chronically: unemployed, orphans, political prisoners, and criminals; the indentured labor trade/practice in the Americas continued even into the early 20th century
NATIVES IN NORTH AMERICA RESISITED
Slave Trade
Europeans traded guns and other goods to African leaders in exchange for slaves
When plantations of the New World demanded more labor the Europeans began a forced migrations
Quinto
mining industries powered the spanish economy and stimulated the world economy
silver produced profits for private investigators
spanish government reserved a fifth of the silver production for itself , this was known as quinto
american silver help spanish kings finance their army and government
British and Dutch East India Company
This company was given a charter by the English government giving them a trade monopoly and the right to wage war and govern conquered people.
Silver Trade
rade established the first link between Asia and the Americas. Much silver ended up in China.
Middle Passage
The Middle Passage was the trade route that moved Africans from their homes to lives of slavery in the Americas.
most slaves died during the passage across the Atlantic due to diseases and bad conditions
Conquistadores
looked for more caribbean lands to conquer like mexico and peru
Colombia Exchange
took place as a result of the European colonization of the Americas
Eurasia brought wheat, rice, sugar, fruit to the americas, africa brought over coffee, horses, pigs, cattle
american crops brought over included maize potatoes, beans,
migration included enslaved african slaves
mercantilism
the goal of economic gain was to benefit the mother country.
Virgin of Guadalupe
In Mexico Christianity
became very popular
Virgin of Guadalupe was their national symbol
Signifies syncretism caused by the arrival of Europeans to America.
