perception 2

Question 1

What are direct perception theories?

Answer 1

bottom up processing

perception comes from stimuli in the environment

parts are identified and put together and then recognition occurs

Question 2

what is constructive perception theories?

Answer 2

top down processing

people actively construct perception using information based on expectations

Question 3

Bottom up processing

Recognition- by- components theory (RBC)

what is this ?

Answer 3

we perceive objects by perceiving elementary objects

Geons : 3D volumes

objects are recognized when enough info is avalible to identify object geons

Question 4

what makes a geon worthy of detection

Answer 4

can tell them apart

basic shapes in the world we can detect even wen lots of visual noice

can tell what it is dependent on colour/ varience

should not be too many of them (visual alphabet)

Question 5

geon detection should have what 4 things?

Answer 5

discriminability

resistance to visual noice

invarience

distinctiveness

Question 6

what is discriminability?

Answer 6

geons can be distinguished from other geons from almost any viewpoint

Question 7

what is resistance to noise?

Answer 7

geons can be perceived in noisy conditions

Question 8

what is invarience?

Answer 8

recognizable no matter the illumination direction, surface markings, texture

Question 9

what is distinctiveness?

Answer 9

36 differnt geons have been identified

Question 10

what is the principle of componential recovery?

Answer 10

the key to object recognition is not the amount of information, but the ability to identify its components (geons)

Question 11

bottom up processing works how?

Answer 11

parts are identified and put together and then recognition occurs

Question 12

top down processing(constructive perception) occurs how?

Answer 12

perception involves :

inferences based on Context
- surrounding elements of the visual scene

Guessing from experience:
-knowledge and expectation based on the past

Question 13

what does perceiving size rely on?

Answer 13

it is a function of both bottom up and top down processing

bottom up
- size of the image on the retina

top down

• the perceived distance of the object
• the size of the object relative to other objects in the environment

Question 14

how are objects recognized?

Answer 14

by identifying geons and their relationship to one another

Question 15

Helmholtz theory of unconscious inference is what?

Answer 15

top down theory

our perceptions result from unconscious assumptions we make about the environment (we use our knowledge to inform our perceptions)

we infer much of what we know about the world

likelihood principle

Question 16

what is the likelihood principle?

Answer 16

we perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences

Question 17

what is Gestalt psychology?

Answer 17

the mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization

these laws are actually HEURISTICS based on what usually happens in the environment

Question 18

what is HEURISTIC?

Answer 18

tule of thumb

provides best guess solution to a problem

fast

often correct

Question 19

what is the law of good continuation?

Answer 19

lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path

Question 20

what is the law of good figure?

Answer 20

every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible

Question 21

what is the law of similarity?

Answer 21

similar things appear grouped together

Question 22

what is the law of proximity?

Answer 22

nearby objects appear grouped together

Question 23

what is the law of closure?

Answer 23

separated elements will tend to be grouped to form closed figures

Question 24

what is the law of familiarity?

Answer 24

things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful