perception 2 Flashcards
What are direct perception theories?
bottom up processing
perception comes from stimuli in the environment
parts are identified and put together and then recognition occurs
what is constructive perception theories?
top down processing
people actively construct perception using information based on expectations
Bottom up processing
Recognition- by- components theory (RBC)
what is this ?
we perceive objects by perceiving elementary objects
Geons : 3D volumes
objects are recognized when enough info is avalible to identify object geons
what makes a geon worthy of detection
can tell them apart
basic shapes in the world we can detect even wen lots of visual noice
can tell what it is dependent on colour/ varience
should not be too many of them (visual alphabet)
geon detection should have what 4 things?
discriminability
resistance to visual noice
invarience
distinctiveness
what is discriminability?
geons can be distinguished from other geons from almost any viewpoint
what is resistance to noise?
geons can be perceived in noisy conditions
what is invarience?
recognizable no matter the illumination direction, surface markings, texture
what is distinctiveness?
36 differnt geons have been identified
what is the principle of componential recovery?
the key to object recognition is not the amount of information, but the ability to identify its components (geons)
bottom up processing works how?
parts are identified and put together and then recognition occurs
top down processing(constructive perception) occurs how?
perception involves :
inferences based on Context
- surrounding elements of the visual scene
Guessing from experience:
-knowledge and expectation based on the past
what does perceiving size rely on?
it is a function of both bottom up and top down processing
bottom up
- size of the image on the retina
top down
- the perceived distance of the object
- the size of the object relative to other objects in the environment
how are objects recognized?
by identifying geons and their relationship to one another
Helmholtz theory of unconscious inference is what?
top down theory
our perceptions result from unconscious assumptions we make about the environment (we use our knowledge to inform our perceptions)
we infer much of what we know about the world
likelihood principle
what is the likelihood principle?
we perceive the world in the way that is “most likely” based on our past experiences
what is Gestalt psychology?
the mind groups patterns according to laws of perceptual organization
these laws are actually HEURISTICS based on what usually happens in the environment
what is HEURISTIC?
tule of thumb
provides best guess solution to a problem
fast
often correct
what is the law of good continuation?
lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
what is the law of good figure?
every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible
what is the law of similarity?
similar things appear grouped together
what is the law of proximity?
nearby objects appear grouped together
what is the law of closure?
separated elements will tend to be grouped to form closed figures
what is the law of familiarity?
things are more likely to form groups if the groups appear familiar or meaningful
