Peptide and Steroids

Question 1

What is a hormone? (4 facets)

Answer 1

A chemical that transfers from one cell to another to signal. Allows for communication between different cells/different parts of the body. It goes through a soluble medium (distinguishes it from the nervous system)– usually blood. Not entirely secreted by ductless gland– ex the heart secretes hormone.

Question 2

Answer 2

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

3 types of hormones

Answer 4

1. peptide/protein
2. steroid
3. amino acid derivatives

Question 5

outline some protein hormones produced by pituitary, by pancreasm and by parathyroid

Answer 5

Question 6

outline types of steroid hormones from the adrenal as well as from sex organs

Answer 6

adrenal; glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids.

sex organs/ovary; androgens, estrogen, progesterone

Question 7

outline amino acid derivative hormones form the thyroid and adrenal

Answer 7

thyroid: T3, T4

adrenal; epinephrine, dopamine

Question 8

amino acid hormones and peptide/protein hormones act on ___ ___ receptors, where as steroid hormones usually act on ___ receptors

Answer 8

amino acid hormones and peptide/protein hormones act on CELL SURFACE receptors, where as steroid hormones usually act on NUCLEAR receptors

Question 9

outline some cell surface receptors that are activated by hormones

Answer 9

G protein, Tyrosine kinase

Question 10

Hormone action depends on receptors: there are two essential properties of a hormone receptor:

Answer 10

1. recognition: a circulating hormone binds to a specific receptor with high
   * *affinity and selectivity**

•2) Response: as a consequence of hormone-receptor binding, a series of
signal transduction events are initiated that ultimately produces the desired
action on the target cell

Question 11

this type of receptor is:

• Plasma membrane receptor
• 7 transmembrane domains
• results in intracellular second messengers

Answer 11

Question 12

fill in this table of GPCR Effectors

Answer 12

Question 13

outline the process of how steroid hormones can result in altered gene transcription

Answer 13

1. hormone enters cell
2. hormone binds to receptor
3. hormone-receptor complex binds to hormone response elements– can recruit co-activator, or may promote a dissociation of a co-repressor
4. results in altered gene transcription (increase or decrease)

Question 15

how can a hormone be modified? why do hormones need modification?

Answer 15

• Cleavage • Activation • Deactivation • Secretion • Glycosylation • Heterodimerization

• needed To activate them when needed, and so they don’t go rogue and affect cascades that do not need modification

Question 16

2 ways hormones are delivered to target organs

Answer 16

1. can be made and pre-packaged/stored as secretory granules
2. synthesized on demand