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Biochemistry 2 > Pentose Phosphate Pathway > Flashcards

Pentose Phosphate Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

What does the PPP start with

A

Starts with glucose 6 phosphate

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2
Q

What’s another name for the PPP

A

Heroes monophosphate pathway

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3
Q

What does the PPP make

A

Ribose

NADPH

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4
Q

What is ribose needed for

A

Needed for DNA RNS and other molecules

When new cells are being created the PPP is stimulated

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5
Q

What is being stimulated with new cells are created

A

PPP

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6
Q

What is NADPH needed for

A

Needed for reductive biosynthesis detoxification respiratory burst and antioxidant regeneration

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7
Q

When is the PPP stimulated

A

When any of these pathways consume NADPH

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8
Q

What is the main enzyme

A

Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase

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9
Q

What does the PPP produce

A

Produces ribose 5 phosphate

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10
Q

What is needed for DNA RNA and other molecules

A

Ribose

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11
Q

What is stimulated when new cells are being created

A

PPP

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12
Q

When you consume NADPH what is stimulated

A

PPP

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13
Q

What is not produced and consumed

A

ATP

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14
Q

what happens during the pentose phosphate pathway

A

One glucose six phosphate to two NADPH

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15
Q

What are the products of ribose five phosphate

A 
Nucleic acid 
ATP 
CoA 
NAD
FAD
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16
Q

What are the products of NADPH +H

A

Reductive biosynthesis
free radical elimination
detoxification
respiratory bursts

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17
Q

What are the products of glycerol aldehyde 3P and Fructose 6 phosphate

A

Glycolysis

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18
Q

What are the DNA base pairing’s

A

AT

GC

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19
Q

Anything that contains ribose stimulates what

A

PPP

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20
Q

What is oxidized in the electron transport chain to make ATP

A

NADH

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21
Q

NADPH is an electron donor during what

A

Reductive biosynthesis
respiratory burst
detoxification
regeneration of antioxidants or free radical elimination

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22
Q

What are two parts of the PPP

A

Oxidative reactions nonoxidative reactions

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23
Q

What do you oxidative reactions do

A

Make NADPH

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24
Q

What do nonoxidative reactions do

A

Ribose five phosphate can be converted into intermediates of glycolysis
Ribose five phosphate can be used to make nucleotides nucleic acid and other structures

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25
Q

What are the four individual steps

A

Dehydrogenation
hydrolysis
oxidative decarboxylation
isomerization

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26
Q

What is their dehydrogenation of

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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27
Q

What is hydrolyzed

A

Six Phosphoglucono and lactone

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28
Q

What is yielded during oxidative decarboxylation

A

Ribulose five phosphate

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29
Q

What happens during isomerization

A

Ribulose five phosphate to Ribose five phosphate

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30
Q

What are the reactants

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

NADP+

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31
Q

What are the products

A

NADPh

6 phosphoglucono lactone

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32
Q

What is the main enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway

A

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

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33
Q

What two pathways are linked

A

Glycolysis PPP

Molecules move back-and-forth from each pathway

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34
Q

What can turn into ribose five phosphate

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

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35
Q

What can ribose five phosphate turn back into

A

Glycolysis intermediates

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36
Q

What is the link

A

Transskeletolace and transaldolase

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37
Q

Transskeletolace and transaldolase

A

These enzymes build a reversible link between the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis

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38
Q

Where is NADPH utilized

A

Reductive biosynthesis detoxification respiratory burst antioxidant regeneration

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39
Q

Reductive biosynthesis

NADPH as an electron donor

A

Building fat building cholesterol building steroid hormones building bile salts

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40
Q

Building fat building cholesterol building steroid hormones building bile salts
What do you all of these processes require electrons from

A

NADPH

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41
Q

what is the reducing power

A

NADPH

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42
Q

Oxidative reactions are what

A

Irreversible

43
Q

How are water toxins made soluble for excretion?

A

By adding electrons and oxygen

NADPH is the electron donor

44
Q

How are toxins excreted

A

In the urine

45
Q

What process are they excreted

A

P450 monooxygenase system in the liver

46
Q

How is the toxin removed from the body

A

By making it more water soluble and getting out in the urine

47
Q

What does the ER in the liver cells contain

A

Contain cytochrome p450 mono oxygenase systems

48
Q

What does the p450 mono oxygenase system do

A

Adds hydroxyl to aromatic and aliphatic compounds

49
Q

By adding the hydroxyl groups to aromatic and aliphatic compounds what does it do to

A

Makes them water soluble and able to be excreted in the urine

50
Q

What are respiratory bursts

A

Creating harsh chemistry to kill bad guys non self like bacteria by using electrons from NADPH

51
Q

What takes in more oxygen in respiratory burst

A

White blood cells

52
Q

What makes very reactive molecules

A

Oxygen and electrons from NADPH

53
Q

What happens to the reactive molecule and non self bacteria

A

They are sequestered in a vehicle where the bacteria dies

54
Q

Name the harsh chemistry steps

A 
NADPH tin NADP out O2 in and O2- out 
Superoxide dismutase (create free radical)
H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
Myeloperoxidase 
HOCl (hypochlorite acid)
55
Q

What’s hydrogen peroxide used to create

A

Recited species to destroy bacteria, viruses, and other non self

56
Q

What does the enzyme myeloperoxidase make

A

Makes hypochlorite acid from hydrogen peroxide

57
Q

What do you add to antioxidants so they can keep protecting the body from free radicals

A

Electrons NADPH

58
Q

What are reactive ole uses inactivated by

A

Antioxidants because they give electrons to reactive molecules

59
Q

What must the antioxidants be given to restore their reducing power

A

An electron

60
Q

What gives the antioxidants an electron

A

NADPH REGENERATION

61
Q

A substance that inhibits oxidation and is capable of counteracting he damaging effects of oxidation in body tissue

A

Antioxidant

62
Q

Atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons

A

Free radical

63
Q

The unpaired electron is alone in the outer orbital making it very what

A

Reactive

64
Q

What does ROS stand for

A

Reactive oxygen species

65
Q

What does RNS stand for

A

Reactive nitrogen species

66
Q

What are free radicals containing nitrogen or oxygen referred to as

A

RNS

ROS

67
Q

See slide

A

51

68
Q

What do reactive species have the potential to do to other compounds

A

To oxidize or reduce other compounds

69
Q

Do reactive species always have to be a free radical

A

No

70
Q 
Superoxide radical
Hydrogen peroxide 
Hydroxyl radical 
Carbon centered peroxide hydropeoxyl and lipid perioxides 
Singlet molecular oxygen
A

Reactive species

71
Q

Smog ozone chemicals drugs radiation high oxygen concentrations

A

Generated by multiple events reactive species

72
Q

What are the three common radicals\ reactive species

KNOW THIS

A

O2 superoxide
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
OH hydroxyl

73
Q

What attacks polyunsaturated fat in phospholipids, protein in cells,nuclei. Acids in DNA

A

Free radicals and reactive species

74
Q

What is a process by which electronically excited molecules are inactivated

A

Quenching

75
Q

What happens when quenching

A

Is usually an antioxidant giving an electrons or electrons to the free radical

76
Q

What happens when free radicals are quenched

A

Antioxidants get oxidized

77
Q

Process by which the antioxidants reducing power is restored

A

Regeneration

78
Q

What is usually another antioxidant or NADPH giving an electron to the oxidized antioxidant

A

Regeneration

79
Q

When an antioxidant is regenerated

A

They are being reduced

80
Q

What do free radicals have that is unpaired and that they want too steal

A

Electrons

Free radicals oxidize: protein phospholipids DN A

81
Q

What do antioxidants give electrons to

A

Free radical

82
Q

Get oxidized
Quench free radicals
Protect proteins phospholipids DNA

A

Antioxidants

83
Q

what do antioxidants need to be

A

Regenerated

NADPH gives electrons to antioxidants

84
Q

What are three important enzymes

A

Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Glutathione peroxidase

85
Q

Enzymes are proteins which are

A

Induce or you can make more of them

86
Q

Superoxide dismutase

A

Quenches superoxide

87
Q

Catalase

A

Quenches hydrogen peroxide

88
Q

Glutathione peroxidase

A

Quenches hydrogen peroxide

89
Q

What’s the location of superoxide dismutase

A

Extracellular
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria

90
Q

What’s the function of a SOD superoxide dismutase

A

Eliminate superoxide

Produce hydrogen peroxide

91
Q

What does superoxide dismutase require

A

Zinc
Copper
Manganese (mitochondria)

92
Q

What happens to a superoxide

A

It’s quenched

93
Q

A superoxide radical is not

A

Lipid soluble

Do not diffuse too far from their site of production

94
Q

White blood cells
Cytochrome p450( ER has the enzyme cytochrome p450 reductase)
Mitochondrial production (Electron transport chain)
Folate or THF oxygen reactions
Catechu laming oxygen reactions

A

Is what a superoxide is created by

95
Q

Three things under superoxide radical

A

Addition of an electron to a molecular oxygen
Created by various things
Not lipid soluble

96
Q

Mitochondrial production

A

Superoxide can be formed within the electron transport system

97
Q

What increased the Elton transport China effect

A

Exercise

98
Q

What is the location of a catalase

A

Mostly in cell peroxisomes (oxidation of very long FAs)
Smaller amounts in: cytoplasm, mitochondria, microsomes
Iron dependent

99
Q

What’s the function of a catalase

A

Eliminate hydrogen peroxide

Neutrophils have lots of catalase (respiratory burst)

100
Q

What happens to the hydrogen peroxide with a catalase

A

It is quenched

101
Q

What is the hydrogen peroxide quenched with glutathione peroxidase

A

Because GPX is active in the cytosol and mitochondria, most hydrogen peroxide is removed this way

102
Q

What’s the most important antioxidant

A

Glutathione

103
Q

Tripeptide is

A

Glutamate cysteine glycine

104
Q

What does regenerating antioxidants require

A

Electrons from NADPH

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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