Pentose Phosphate Pathway Flashcards
What does the PPP start with
Starts with glucose 6 phosphate
What’s another name for the PPP
Heroes monophosphate pathway
What does the PPP make
Ribose
NADPH
What is ribose needed for
Needed for DNA RNS and other molecules
When new cells are being created the PPP is stimulated
What is being stimulated with new cells are created
PPP
What is NADPH needed for
Needed for reductive biosynthesis detoxification respiratory burst and antioxidant regeneration
When is the PPP stimulated
When any of these pathways consume NADPH
What is the main enzyme
Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase
What does the PPP produce
Produces ribose 5 phosphate
What is needed for DNA RNA and other molecules
Ribose
What is stimulated when new cells are being created
PPP
When you consume NADPH what is stimulated
PPP
What is not produced and consumed
ATP
what happens during the pentose phosphate pathway
One glucose six phosphate to two NADPH
What are the products of ribose five phosphate
Nucleic acid ATP CoA NAD FAD
What are the products of NADPH +H
Reductive biosynthesis
free radical elimination
detoxification
respiratory bursts
What are the products of glycerol aldehyde 3P and Fructose 6 phosphate
Glycolysis
What are the DNA base pairing’s
AT
GC
Anything that contains ribose stimulates what
PPP
What is oxidized in the electron transport chain to make ATP
NADH
NADPH is an electron donor during what
Reductive biosynthesis
respiratory burst
detoxification
regeneration of antioxidants or free radical elimination
What are two parts of the PPP
Oxidative reactions nonoxidative reactions
What do you oxidative reactions do
Make NADPH
What do nonoxidative reactions do
Ribose five phosphate can be converted into intermediates of glycolysis
Ribose five phosphate can be used to make nucleotides nucleic acid and other structures
What are the four individual steps
Dehydrogenation
hydrolysis
oxidative decarboxylation
isomerization
What is their dehydrogenation of
Glucose-6-phosphate
What is hydrolyzed
Six Phosphoglucono and lactone
What is yielded during oxidative decarboxylation
Ribulose five phosphate
What happens during isomerization
Ribulose five phosphate to Ribose five phosphate
What are the reactants
Glucose-6-phosphate
NADP+
What are the products
NADPh
6 phosphoglucono lactone
What is the main enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
What two pathways are linked
Glycolysis PPP
Molecules move back-and-forth from each pathway
What can turn into ribose five phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate
What can ribose five phosphate turn back into
Glycolysis intermediates
What is the link
Transskeletolace and transaldolase
Transskeletolace and transaldolase
These enzymes build a reversible link between the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis
Where is NADPH utilized
Reductive biosynthesis detoxification respiratory burst antioxidant regeneration
Reductive biosynthesis
NADPH as an electron donor
Building fat building cholesterol building steroid hormones building bile salts
Building fat building cholesterol building steroid hormones building bile salts
What do you all of these processes require electrons from
NADPH
what is the reducing power
NADPH
Oxidative reactions are what
Irreversible
How are water toxins made soluble for excretion?
By adding electrons and oxygen
NADPH is the electron donor
How are toxins excreted
In the urine
What process are they excreted
P450 monooxygenase system in the liver
How is the toxin removed from the body
By making it more water soluble and getting out in the urine
What does the ER in the liver cells contain
Contain cytochrome p450 mono oxygenase systems
What does the p450 mono oxygenase system do
Adds hydroxyl to aromatic and aliphatic compounds
By adding the hydroxyl groups to aromatic and aliphatic compounds what does it do to
Makes them water soluble and able to be excreted in the urine
What are respiratory bursts
Creating harsh chemistry to kill bad guys non self like bacteria by using electrons from NADPH
What takes in more oxygen in respiratory burst
White blood cells
What makes very reactive molecules
Oxygen and electrons from NADPH
What happens to the reactive molecule and non self bacteria
They are sequestered in a vehicle where the bacteria dies
Name the harsh chemistry steps
NADPH tin NADP out O2 in and O2- out Superoxide dismutase (create free radical) H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) Myeloperoxidase HOCl (hypochlorite acid)
What’s hydrogen peroxide used to create
Recited species to destroy bacteria, viruses, and other non self
What does the enzyme myeloperoxidase make
Makes hypochlorite acid from hydrogen peroxide
What do you add to antioxidants so they can keep protecting the body from free radicals
Electrons NADPH
What are reactive ole uses inactivated by
Antioxidants because they give electrons to reactive molecules
What must the antioxidants be given to restore their reducing power
An electron
What gives the antioxidants an electron
NADPH REGENERATION
A substance that inhibits oxidation and is capable of counteracting he damaging effects of oxidation in body tissue
Antioxidant
Atom or molecule that has one or more unpaired electrons
Free radical
The unpaired electron is alone in the outer orbital making it very what
Reactive
What does ROS stand for
Reactive oxygen species
What does RNS stand for
Reactive nitrogen species
What are free radicals containing nitrogen or oxygen referred to as
RNS
ROS
See slide
51
What do reactive species have the potential to do to other compounds
To oxidize or reduce other compounds
Do reactive species always have to be a free radical
No
Superoxide radical Hydrogen peroxide Hydroxyl radical Carbon centered peroxide hydropeoxyl and lipid perioxides Singlet molecular oxygen
Reactive species
Smog ozone chemicals drugs radiation high oxygen concentrations
Generated by multiple events reactive species
What are the three common radicals\ reactive species
KNOW THIS
O2 superoxide
H2O2 hydrogen peroxide
OH hydroxyl
What attacks polyunsaturated fat in phospholipids, protein in cells,nuclei. Acids in DNA
Free radicals and reactive species
What is a process by which electronically excited molecules are inactivated
Quenching
What happens when quenching
Is usually an antioxidant giving an electrons or electrons to the free radical
What happens when free radicals are quenched
Antioxidants get oxidized
Process by which the antioxidants reducing power is restored
Regeneration
What is usually another antioxidant or NADPH giving an electron to the oxidized antioxidant
Regeneration
When an antioxidant is regenerated
They are being reduced
What do free radicals have that is unpaired and that they want too steal
Electrons
Free radicals oxidize: protein phospholipids DN A
What do antioxidants give electrons to
Free radical
Get oxidized
Quench free radicals
Protect proteins phospholipids DNA
Antioxidants
what do antioxidants need to be
Regenerated
NADPH gives electrons to antioxidants
What are three important enzymes
Superoxide dismutase
Catalase
Glutathione peroxidase
Enzymes are proteins which are
Induce or you can make more of them
Superoxide dismutase
Quenches superoxide
Catalase
Quenches hydrogen peroxide
Glutathione peroxidase
Quenches hydrogen peroxide
What’s the location of superoxide dismutase
Extracellular
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
What’s the function of a SOD superoxide dismutase
Eliminate superoxide
Produce hydrogen peroxide
What does superoxide dismutase require
Zinc
Copper
Manganese (mitochondria)
What happens to a superoxide
It’s quenched
A superoxide radical is not
Lipid soluble
Do not diffuse too far from their site of production
White blood cells
Cytochrome p450( ER has the enzyme cytochrome p450 reductase)
Mitochondrial production (Electron transport chain)
Folate or THF oxygen reactions
Catechu laming oxygen reactions
Is what a superoxide is created by
Three things under superoxide radical
Addition of an electron to a molecular oxygen
Created by various things
Not lipid soluble
Mitochondrial production
Superoxide can be formed within the electron transport system
What increased the Elton transport China effect
Exercise
What is the location of a catalase
Mostly in cell peroxisomes (oxidation of very long FAs)
Smaller amounts in: cytoplasm, mitochondria, microsomes
Iron dependent
What’s the function of a catalase
Eliminate hydrogen peroxide
Neutrophils have lots of catalase (respiratory burst)
What happens to the hydrogen peroxide with a catalase
It is quenched
What is the hydrogen peroxide quenched with glutathione peroxidase
Because GPX is active in the cytosol and mitochondria, most hydrogen peroxide is removed this way
What’s the most important antioxidant
Glutathione
Tripeptide is
Glutamate cysteine glycine
What does regenerating antioxidants require
Electrons from NADPH
