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Biochemistry 2 > Amino Acid Metabolism > Flashcards

Amino Acid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism (carbs, lipicds, proteins)
FAD > FADH2
NAD+ > NADH + H+

A

CO2 + H2O + ATP

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2
Q

Metabolism energy of proteins

A

dietary proteins

tissue proteins

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3
Q

amino acids metabolism depends on what?

A

depends on the energy requirements of the cell

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4
Q

amino acid degradation occurs under 3 circumstances depends on what body needs

A

we break down amino acids”

  1. protein turnover- break down our protein depends on diet
  2. protein rich diet- to much in body we break down what we dont use in body
  3. starvation, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus- dont have it so we use it as a fuel
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5
Q

amino acid supply:

where are amino acids stored?

A

not stored in the body

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6
Q

amino acid supply:

amino acids are not stored in the body:

A

dietary
synthesized
protein degradation

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7
Q

amino acid supply:

Excess amino acids are catabolized

A

Step 1: removal of amino group (nitrogen)

Step 2: carbon skeleton

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8
Q

what is the amino acid pool supplied by?

A

supplied by breakdown of endogenous protein dietary protein and synthesis of non essential AA

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9
Q

amino acid pool:

Free amino acids:

A

cells
blood
extrzcellular fluid

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10
Q

what is more abundant in the body proteins or free amino acids?

A

proteins are more abundant then Free Amino acids

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11
Q

What is the fate of amino acids?

A

Low energy charge
low glucose
high energy charge and lots of glucose

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12
Q

fates of amino acids and low energy charge

A

the amino acid is oxidized to recreate ATP

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13
Q

fates of amino acids and low glucose

A

the amino acids id sent to the liver to turn into glucose

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14
Q

fates of amino acids and high emergy charge and lots of glucose

A

the amino acid is sent to the liver and turned into fat

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15
Q

what can amino acids also be used to synthesize?

A

amino acids may also be used to synthesize protein or nitrogen containing compounds

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16
Q

Oxidation of amino acids means what?

A

means burning them in the aerobic system (krebs cycle and ETS) to get ATP

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17
Q

What oxidaizes most of the 20 amino acids in protein

A

the liver does

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18
Q

what can only oxidize significantly six?

A

muscle

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19
Q

When are amino acids oxidized?

A

when the cells’ energy charge is LOW

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20
Q

amino acid catabolism (alpha amino acids)

A 
amino group 
- urea
carbon skeleton (a keto acid) 
- ATP + CO2 + H2O 
- glucose
-fatty acids
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21
Q

amino acid catabolism (alpha amino acids)

A 
amino group 
- urea
carbon skeleton (a keto acid) 
- ATP + CO2 + H2O 
- glucose
-fatty acids
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22
Q

what is the primary site for uptake of most amino acids following a meal (50-60%)?

A

the liver

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23
Q

what are 20% used for? and where do they stay and released?

A

20% for synthesis of protein; most stay in the liver while the rest are released into the plasma

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24
Q

what are 20% used for? and where do they stay and released?

A

20% for synthesis of protein; most stay in the liver while the rest are released into the plasma

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25
Q

what is the 1st step in liver amicno acid metabolism?

where is it transferred?

A

step 1:
remove amino group: transmination (aminotransferase)
amino group transferred to a-ketoglutarate

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26
Q

glutamate and liver amino acid metabolism

A

amino group donor- bissynthetic pathways

excretion pathway of nitrogen

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27
Q

along with the liver what is also used in transamination?

A

peripheral tissues

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28
Q

where do most amino acids transfer their a-amino group to

A

to a a-ketoglutarate (amino group acceptor)

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29
Q

what are the results after the transfer of the a-amino group to the a-ketoglutarate?

A

results in glutamate and a an a-keto acid

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30
Q

what is the required conezyme for the transamination to happen?

A

pyridoxal phosphate (derivative of vitamin B6)

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31
Q

transamination:

amino acid to a

A

ketoacid uses aminotransferase

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32
Q

transmination:

a-ketoglutarate to

A

glutamate uses aminotransferases

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33
Q

alpha ketoacid:
a-amino acid to a ?
where is the amino group located here?
what is the carbonyl group associated with?

A

to a a-keto acid
amino group is on the alpha carbon
carbonyl group associated with the alpha carbon

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34
Q

what is left when the amino group is removed from an amino acid?

A

a-ketoacid is what is left

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35
Q

where is usually the amino group transferred to?

A

normally transferred to another a-ketoacid

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36
Q

where do ketoacids usually enter into metabolic pathways

A

krebs, gluconeogenesis, fat synthesis

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37
Q

what happens to an alpha keto acid depends upon what?

A 
energy charge
horomones (glucagon/insulin)
respiratory quotient
glucose concentraion
tissue (liver vereus muscle)
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38
Q

what does every amino acid contain

A

an amino grouo (NH3)

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39
Q

what removes this amino group

A

amino acid catabolism removes this

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40
Q

what removes this amino group

A

amino acid catabolism removes this

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41
Q

where are most amino acids metabolized

A

in the lier

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42
Q

ammonia (NH3)

A

biosynthetic pathways

excreted

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43
Q

ammonia from extrahepatic tissues are transport where and then?

A

transport to liver (glutamate, alanine)

and excreted

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44
Q

what are the 4 amino acids in nitrogen metabolism?

A

glutamate
glutamine
alanine
aspartate

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45
Q

where can these amino acids in nitrogen ny easily converted to?

A

to krebs intermediates

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46
Q

glutamate to

A

a-ketoglutarate

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47
Q

glutamine to

A

a-ketoglutarate

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48
Q

alanine to

A

pyruvate

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49
Q

aspartate to

A

oxaloacetate

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50
Q

glutamate and a-ketoglutarate:

A

glutamine to glutamate by reduction of one (NH3)

glutamate to a-ketoglutarate (a ketoacid) by lose of (NH3 and gain of oxygen)

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51
Q

alanine and pyruvate:

A

alanine (AA) to pyruvate (a ketoacid)

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52
Q

aspartate and oxaloacetate:

A

Asparagine to asparate by reduction of one (NH3)

aspartate to oxaloacetate (a ketoacid) by lose of (NH3 and gain of oxygen)

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53
Q

glutamate and gluatmine collect?

A

collect amino acids

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54
Q

glutamate and gluatmine location? and transfer BLANK to BLANK?

A

liver;

amino acids tranafer their amino group to a-ketoglutarate to form glutamate

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55
Q

where does glutamate enters to release amino group and then forms NH4+

A

enters mitochondria

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56
Q

glutamate and gluatmine and extrahepatice tissues

A

ammonia generated in extrahepatic tissues is converted to glutamine
transported to the liver
both make up the highest concentration of amino acids in the liver

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57
Q

glutamate and gluatmine and extrahepatice tissues

A

ammonia generated in extrahepatic tissues is converted to glutamine
transported to the liver
both make up the highest concentration of amino acids in the liver

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58
Q

amino group have been collected where as ? is transported where from? amino groups are removed by?

A

collected in the liver as glutamate; glutamate is tranported to mitochondria from cytosol; amino groups removed by oxidative deamination

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59
Q

what is oxidative deamination? and provides what? for what cycle?

A

removal of amino groups as free ammonia; of glutamate in the liver provides amino group for the urea cycle

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60
Q

glutamate to what by what?

A

glutamate to glutomine + NH4+ by:

glutamatedehydrogenase (NAD+ > NADH) a-ketoglutarate

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61
Q

numerous transaminases are present to transfer the nitrogen to another molecule which will end up bringing it to the liver for deamination

A

skeletal muscle

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62
Q

glutamate to?

A

alpha KG

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63
Q

pyruvate to?

A

alanine

64
Q

what is glutamate a transporter of?

A

transporter of ammonia

65
Q

what is glutamate a transporter of?

A

transporter of ammonia

66
Q

ammonia

A

is toxic

67
Q

ammonia is converted to

A

a nontoxic compound to transport to the liver and kidneys

68
Q

free ammonia is combined to?

A

glutamate from glutamine

69
Q

glutamate + ATP >?

by?

A

Glutamine + ADP Pi
by addition of NH3+
by glutamine synthetase

70
Q

glutamine is a source of?

A

nitrogen

71
Q

what maybe the donors of nitrogen to make glutamine in skeletal muscle?

A 
LIV GAA
Glutamate
Aspartate
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Asparagine
72
Q

Muscle is responsible for giving other tissues nitrogen which makes it a? and builds 2 things?

A

makes it a nitrogen donor
builds amino acids
builds nitrogenous bases and nucleotides (new cells)

73
Q

How is muscle able to be a nitrogen donor?

A

muscle does this by taking in certain amino acids, stealing their nitrogen and creating glutamine (2 nitrogen atoms) for export

74
Q

LIV GAA to

glutamate to

A

ketoacid

glutamine

75
Q

LIV GAA to

glutamate to

A

ketoacid

glutamine

76
Q

what is aspartate also used for transporting?

A

transports malate-aspartate shuttle

77
Q

where is aspartate formed?

A

formed in mitochodria: amino group transferred from glutamate to oxaloacetate to form as

78
Q

where is aspartate formed? By?

A

formed in mitochodria: amino group transferred from glutamate to oxaloacetate to form aspartate

79
Q

AST

A

aspartate aminotransferase AKA glutamate oxoloacetate transminase (GOT)

80
Q

Aspartate is sent to ? to donate? for what cycle

A

sent to cytosol to donate nitrgoen for the urea cycle

81
Q

glutamate + oxaloacetate>

A

a-ketoglutarate + aspartate

82
Q

glucose- alanine cycle: maintains bloodg glucose through?

A

GNG

83
Q

alanine may provide 5% of energy during?

A

exercise

84
Q

where do the carbons in alanine come from?

A

came from muscle glycogen

85
Q

where do the carbons in alanine come from?

A

came from muscle glycogen

86
Q

glutamine-glutamate cycle:

muscle imports?

A

imports glutamate

87
Q

what does muscle turn glutamate into? by?

A

into glutamine;
by glutamine synthetase adds nitrogen to glutamate
NH3 comes primarly from BCAAS

88
Q

glutamine then goes to where that need?

A

goes to cells that need nitrogen; Gut and immune cells

89
Q

glutamine then turns back into? by?

A

back into glutamate

glutaminase hydrolyzes glutamine into glutamate

90
Q

where does glutamate then go?

A

goes back to the muscle

91
Q

what maybe the donors of nitrogen to make glutamine in skeletal muscle?

A 
LIV (branch chain amino acids) GAA
Glutamate
Aspartate
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Asparagine
92
Q

where does glutamate then go?

A

goes back to the muscle

93
Q

skeletal muscle is onyl able to significantly oxidize what 6 amino acids?

A 
LIV (branch chain amino acids) GAA
Glutamate
Aspartate
Leucine
Isoleucine
Valine
Asparagine
94
Q

skeletl muscle and alanine (3)

A

contracting muscle
amino group transferred to a-ketoglutarate to form glutamate
glutamate gives amino group to pyruvate(making alanine)

95
Q

contracting muscle

A

produces pyruvate and lactate from fast (anerobic) glycolysis
protein breakdown produces ammonia

96
Q

glutamate gives amino group to pyruvate

A

ALT (alanine aminotransferase)

glucose- alanice cycle

97
Q

ALT muslce

A
  • AKA glutamate- pyruvate transferase GPT
  • pyruvate +glutamate> alanine + a-ketoglutarate
  • exercising muscle produces lots of pyruvate and pushes the reaction toward alanine
98
Q

ALT liver

A
  • AKA glutamate- pyruvate transferase GPT
  • alanine + a-ketoglutarate> pyruvate +glutamate
  • lots of alanine arriving from muscle pushes the reaction toward pyruvate
  • pyruvate is cleared by pyruvate carboxylase in GNG
99
Q

glucose -alanine cylce:

amino group trasnferred?

A

from glutamate to pyruvate

100
Q

alanine transported to?

A

the liver and is converted back to pyruvate for GNG

101
Q

Glucose is transported back to?

A

muscle

102
Q

What is ammonia in the liver converted to?

A

Converted to urea (urea cycle)

103
Q

Nitrogen that is not being used to synthesize amino acids or nitrogen containing products need to be excreted

A

Nitrogen excretion

104
Q

Can nitrogen be store in the body?

A

No so it is sent to the liver to remove the amino groups (transmission oxidative deamination) and then excreted as urea

105
Q

What’s the components of nitrogen exodus?

A

Urea 86%
creatinine 5%
NH4+ 3%
Other 6%

106
Q

Why does nitrogen go to the liver?

A

Excess protein eating (liver gets rid of excess nitrogen)

Gluconeogenesis (exercise starvation not eating carbs)

107
Q

What happens in the liver?

A

Transamination
Oxidative deamination
Carbomoyl phosphatase
Urea cycle

108
Q

What are unique abilities of the liver?

A

Urea cycle: liver has ability to deal with ammonia (make urea)
Gluconeogenesis: liver can turn alpha ketoacids into glucose

109
Q

How is NH3+ transported to the liver?

A

Glutamine (glutamate + ammonia= glutamine)
Enzymes glutamine synthetase
Not exclusive to muscle

Alanine

110
Q

What are two entry points to the urea cycle? (Liver)

A

GDH:
Deamination glutamate
Glutamate + NAD+ > a-Ketoglutarate + NH3 + NADH

AST:
Aka GOT
transfers amino groups from glutamate to oxaloacetate
Forms aspartame (source of nitrogen)
Glutamate + oxaloacetate > a- Ketoglutarate + aspartame

111
Q

What is carbamoyl phosphatase?

A

Enzyme in the liver which catalyzes in the mitochondria matrix
Goes to carbamoyl phosphate

112
Q

Where is urea transported to to be excreted?

A

To the kidneys

113
Q

Is all ammonia excreted through the kidneys?

A

No some diffuses back into and sent to GI and excreted through the feces

114
Q

How many molecules of nitrogen are in urea?

A

Two
One from aspartate
One from free NH3

115
Q

When are amino acids oxidized?

A

The cells energy charge is low

116
Q

Fates of amino acids at a low charge energy

A

Amino acid is oxidized to recreate ATP

117
Q

fates of amino acids and low glucose

A

the amino acids are sent to the liver to turn into glucose

118
Q

fates of amino acids and high energy charge and lots of glucose

A

the amino acid is sent to the liver and turned into fat

119
Q

what can amino acids also be used to synthesize?

A

synthesize protein or nitrogen containing compounds

120
Q

what is the precursor for free NH3 and aspartate?

A

glutamate

121
Q

glutamate is the precursor for aspartate and NH3 why?

A

conversion to alpha KG gives free NH3

B6 holding nitrogen from glutamate forms aspartate from OAA

122
Q

what creates a low energy charge in the muscle

A

exercise

123
Q

what can exercising muscle oxidize?

A

(krebs ETS) oxidizes specific Amino acids to make ATP

124
Q

exercise and macronutrients

A

low energy charge in muscle

125
Q

exercise and carbs burn

A

glycogen breakdown
glycolysis
prep step
krebs cycle

126
Q

exercise and fats

A

TAG to Free fatty acids to Beta oxidation to Krebs cycle

127
Q

exercise and proteins

A

oxidative LIV GAA

amino groups are sent to the liver in alanine

128
Q

alanine is for

A

blood glucose

129
Q

a-ketoglutarate is for

A

anaplerosis

130
Q

what are plasma trends with exercise?

A

glutamate

alanine

131
Q

plasma trends with exercise concentrations effects on glutamate

A

decreases

132
Q

plasma trends with exercise concentrations effects on alanine

A

increases

133
Q

how much ATP turnover within skeletal muscle increase is there

A

100 fold

134
Q

how much of the TCA intermediates increase

A

4-10 fold

135
Q

what does the demand for ATP require

A

much more active krebs cycle

136
Q

how do you turn the amino acid into a fat?

A 
turn the amino acid into a ketoacid 
a a ketoacid into acetyl CoA (some may turn into some other molecules that are part of the fat synthesis pathway) 
make fat (acetyl CoA carboxylase, Fatty acid synthetase)
137
Q

Muscle amino acids and gluconeogenesis:

A

starvation or not eating carbs

exercise

138
Q

starvation or not eating carbs

A

amino acid export
when blood glucose is low muscle exports amino acids for GNG
exceptions are leucine and lysine

139
Q

exercise adn muscle amino acids and gluconeogenesis

A

glucose alanine cycle
during exercise muscle is releasing alanine
liver turns alanine to glucose
liver takes the amino group and converts it to urea

140
Q

what are two amino acids that cannot turn into glucose

A

Leucine
Lysine
these are ketogenic

141
Q

what are nonessential glucogenic amino acids

A 
alanine 
asparagine
aspartate
cystine 
glutamate 
glutamine 
glycine
proline serine 
tyrosine
142
Q

what are essential glucogenis amino acids

A 
arginine 
histidine 
methionine 
threonine 
valine 
phenyalanine 
typtophan
143
Q

during starvation or low carb diet most glucose is created from

A

amino acids

144
Q

what may low blood glucose be a result from

A

starvation
low carb intake
exercise

145
Q

when are amino acids turned into glucose

A

when blood glucose is low

146
Q

what are the most abundantly released amino acids

A

glutamine 50%

alanine 30%

147
Q

what is released more amounts then what is taken in muscle release of amino acids

A

alanine and glutamate

148
Q

what is released in less amounts then what is taken in muscle uptake of amino acids?

A 
BCAAs 
glutamate 
aspartate
aspartate 
asparagine
149
Q

what are most amino acids released in direct proportion to?and what are some exceptions

A

to their relative occurrence in muscle protein

exceptions:
BRAA, leucine, isoleucine, valine
glutamate, aspartate, asparagine, glutamine, alainie

150
Q

during exercise what rate does glycolysis runs at?

A

at a race pace then that of the krebs cycle

151
Q

what does running glycolysis faster produce

A

extra pyruvate to pick up the amino groups from the amino acids being oxidize
this is the reasons for increased alanine

152
Q

what is the importance of muscle glycogen and what is it essential in

A

it is a fuel
it is the source of pyruvate for exporting amino groups

essential in high intensity exercise

153
Q

what can not be called upon to build krebs cycle during exercise if pyruvate is not present to haul away the amino groups

A

amino acids

154
Q

what are BRAA used for

A

muscles use them for fuel

155
Q

what does muscle use out of AA

A

uses their nitrogen to make glutamine for export :
muscle and other tissues (except for liver) contain BR aminotransferases
over 90% of muscle amino acid uptake after a meal is LIV and glutamate

156
Q

what is muscle intake after a meal

A

large uptake of BCAA and glutamate

muscles releases glutamine more then doubles

157
Q

large uptake of BCAA and glutamate

A

More then 90% of muscle amino acids uptake
The gut doesn’t have a large uptake of BCAA (lacks sensitivity)
Splanchnic area constantly releases glutamate (consumes glutamine releases glutamate)

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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