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Biochemistry 2 > gluconeogensis > Flashcards

gluconeogensis Flashcards

1
Q

gluconeogensis occurs when blood glucose is low

A

starvation
not eating carbs
exercise

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2
Q

what hormone stimulates gluconeogensis

A

glucagon

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3
Q

what hormone inhibits gluconeogensis

A

insulin

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4
Q

what is used to make glucose

A

primarily AA
lactic acid
alanine

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5
Q

what happens prior to gluconeogensis

A

glycogen degradation

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6
Q

what are the main entry points to gluconeogensis

A

pyruvate
oxaloacetate
DHAP

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7
Q

what are the main non carb precursors

A

lactic acid
a keto acids from metabolism AA
glycerol

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8
Q

gluconeogensis pathway

A

pyruvate to glucose

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9
Q

what requires glucose

A 
brain 
red blood cells
testes
medulla of kidney 
cornea of eye 
muscle (during high intensity exercise)
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10
Q

what requires the most BMR

A

the BRAIN

liver kidney and heart use the 60-700% of REE

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11
Q

glucose vs fatty acid oxidation in the brain

A

high O2 demand FA oxidation
superoxide
FA oxidation slow the glycolysis
lactate shuttle

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12
Q

where is the primary location of gluconeogensis

A

liver 90%
renal cortex
small intestine

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13
Q

how do you make gluconeogensis favorable

A

alternative enzymes (cytosol and mitochondria)
coupled RXNS
ATP

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14
Q

what are glycolysis irreversible reactions

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

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15
Q

how many reactions are reversible in glycolysis

A

7

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16
Q

First obstacle in glycolysis

A

phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

By: pyruvate kinase (ADP to ATP)

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17
Q

happening in the mitochondria; Pyruvate to oxaloacetate by?

A

Pyruvate carboxylase
coenzyme: Biotin
(take away ATP)

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18
Q

where is pyruvate carboxylase present

A

in mitochondria of liver and kidney

also present in muscle but does not synthesize glucose (uses OAA produced as intermediate in krebs)

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19
Q

where is pyruvate sent

A

to mitochondria

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20
Q

whats the precursor for pyruvate carboxylase

A

pyruvate or alanine

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21
Q

what is pyruvate converted to

A

oxaloacetate

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22
Q

what is pyruvate carboxylase required enzyme

A

biotin

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23
Q

where does oxaloacetate need to get into

A

get into the cytosol through the malate shuttle

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24
Q

in the mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate is transferred to what and then that is transferred to what

A

pyruvate to oxaloacetate(pyruvate carboxylase) to malate (malate dehydrogenase)

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25
Q

in the cytosol; malate is transferred to what then to what

A

malate to oxaloacetate (malate dehydrogenase) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP carboxylase)

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26
Q

when is acetyl CoA produced

A

during FA oxidation

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27
Q

what does acetyl CoA stimulate

A

pyruvate carboxylase

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28
Q

what does elevated Acetyl CoA in the mitochondria signal

A

a need for more OAA in the cell

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29
Q

PEP carboxylase is dependent on what

A

MG+

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30
Q

if lactate was the precursor the reaction happens where

A

in the mitochondria aand PEP will be transported to the cytosol

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31
Q

what are two high energy compounds required to overcome the 1st obstacle

A

ATP-1st

GTP-2nd

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32
Q

what does the malate shuttle do

A

pyruvate or alanine precursor
provides reducing power in the cytosol for later reactions
NADH

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33
Q

what pathway makes glucose

A

gluconeogensis

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34
Q

lactate as a precursor

A

anerobic glycolysis

erythrocyte glycolysis

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35
Q

does lactate need a malate shuttle to go to pyruvate

A

no; this also happens in the cytosol and yields NADH

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36
Q

what is still sent to the mitochondria

A

pyruvate to make
pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxylase occur in mitochondira
PEP then transported to cytosol

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37
Q

what is not a substrate for gluconeogensis

A

leucine

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38
Q

what is not a irreversible step of glycolysis

A

phosphoglyecerate kinase

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39
Q

the 2nd obstacle to overcome; Fructose 1-6 bisphosphate to Fructose 6 phosphate by what

A

fructose 1-6 bisphosphatase and is MG+ dependent

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40
Q

the third obstacle to overcome; glucose to glucose 6 phosphate by

A

glucokinase (ATP to ADP)

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41
Q

glucose 6 phosphate to glucose by

A

glucose 6 phosphatase
MG+ dependent
releases a free P

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42
Q

what does not release glucose

A

muscle because it does not have G6P

43
Q

what can release glucose

A

the liver because it has G6P

44
Q

enzymes for glycolysis and gluconeogensis:

A

Glucokinase>G^P
Phosphofructokinase>Fructose 16 Bisphosphatase
Pyruvate kinase> PEP carboxylase or pyruvate carboxylase

45
Q

what is gluconeogensis

A

it is energetically expensive

46
Q

for each glucose formed from pyruvate there are

A

6 high energy phosphate groups:
4 ATP
2 GTP
2 NADH

47
Q

what are the gluconeogenic substrates

A

glyerol- backbone TG
lactic acid- waste product glycolysis
a-ketoacids(more to come)

48
Q

derived from glycogenic AA
pyruvate OAA a ketoglutarate
can enter into the TCA forming OAA
OAA is the direct recursor to PEP

A

a ketoacids

49
Q

what does glycerol form the backbone for

A

TG
hydrolysis of TG in adipose
transported in blood to the liver

50
Q

what can glycerol also be converted to

A

glucose

51
Q

what is not a major source of glucose

A

glycerol

52
Q

glycerol to glycerol phosphate by:

A

glycerol kinase

53
Q

glycerol phosphate to DHAP by:

A

Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase

54
Q

glycolysis stimulators

A 
glucose 
insulin
AMP ADP
NAD+
F 2 6 BP
55
Q

glycolysis inhibitors

A 
ATP
NADH
Glucagon
Pyruvate
Lactate
Alanine 
Citrate
56
Q

gluconeogenis stimulators

A

glucagon
Acetyl CoA
Citrate

57
Q

gluconeogensis inhibitors

A

glucose
inulin
AMP ADP
F 2 6 BP

58
Q

muscle conditions during exercise

A

exercise lowers ATP

59
Q

muscle active pathways during exercise

A 
glycogen breakdown 
Glut 4 translocation
Glycolysis
TAG breakdown 
Beta oxidation 
AA oxidation 
Krebs
60
Q

liver conditions during exercise

A

Glucagon

High ATP

61
Q

Liver active pathways during exercise

A

Glycogen breakdown
Gluconeogensis
Urea cycle

62
Q

What is the lactic acid cycle also called

A

Cori cycle

63
Q

What is the lactic acid cycle

A

Exercise: anaerobic glycolysis produces lactate

64
Q

Where is lactate released from

A

Working muscle

And also RBC

65
Q

Where is lactate transported to

A

The liver to become glucose

66
Q

Where does the glucose return to

A

Returns to the muscle

67
Q

Muscle glycogen to

A

Glucose 6P

68
Q

Glucose 6P to

A

Krebs or lactate

69
Q

Lactate to where

A

The liver to turn to pyruvate

70
Q

Pyruvate to what

A

Glucose then back to the muscle

71
Q

What lowers blood glucose

A

Exercise

72
Q

What’s secreted in response to low blood glucose

A

Glucagon

73
Q

What’s lactate released by

A

Muscle

74
Q

Where is lactate transported to

A

The liver

75
Q

What is stimulated by glucagon

A

GNG (liver)

76
Q

What is lactate to pyruvate enzyme

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

77
Q

Where is glucose released into

A

The blood

78
Q

Where does glucose return to

A

The muscle

79
Q

Lactate to glucose is what

A

GNG

80
Q

What are most AA classified as

A

Glucogenic

81
Q

A ketoacids are

A

Carbon skeletons of AA

82
Q

What’s the primary source of glucose from GNG at rest and during fasting

A

A ketoacids

83
Q

What is sit kited by starvation or low carbs intake

A

The conversion of AA into glucose

84
Q

What is a AA turned into before it becomes glucose

A

A ketoacids

85
Q

Where do a ketoacids come from

A

AA break down

86
Q

What are the essential glucogenic AA

A 
Think MAV H PITT 
Methionine 
Arginine 
Valine 
Histidine 
Phenylalanine 
Isoleucine 
Tryptophan 
Threonine
87
Q

What happens to a ketoacids depends upon what

A

Energy charge
Hormones glucagon insulin
Glucose concentration
Tissue liver versus muscle

88
Q

What are amino groups transferred from

A

Glutamate to pyruvate

89
Q

Where is alanine transported to

A

The liver

90
Q

What is alanine converted back to

A

Pyruvate for GNG

91
Q

Where is glucose transported back to

A

Muscle

92
Q

Alanine is a BLANK and converted to pyruvate which is a BLANK

A

AA

A ketoacids

93
Q

Insulin inhibits what

A

GNG

94
Q

Glucagon stimulates what

A

GNG LIVER

95
Q

Insulin does what

A

B cells of the pancreas
Lowers blood sugar
Stimulate glucose utilizing pathways

96
Q

Glucagon does what

A

A cells of the pancreas
Elevated blood sugar
Stimulates pathways that do it need glucose

97
Q

What does F26BP Stimulate

A

Glycolysis

PFK in the liver

98
Q

What does F26BP inhibit

A

GNG

F16BP

99
Q

What decreases F26BP

A

Glucagon

100
Q

Muscle contracts and uses ATP
Low energy charge
Lowers blood glucose

A

Exercise sequence part 1

101
Q

Low energy charge

A 
Stimulates glycogen breakdown 
Stimulate glycolysis (more lactic acid, more alanine)
Stimulate krebs 
Stimulate glucose entry into muscle
102
Q

Secrete glucagon

A

Exercise sequence part 2

103
Q

Secrete glucagon

A

Stimulate glycogen breakdown in the liver
Stimulates GNG in the liver (uses lactic acid and alanine in the liver)
Inhibits glycogen synthesis in the liver
Slows down glycolysis in the liver

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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