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Biochemistry 2 > Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

what is a purine

A

guanine and adenine for both DNA and RNA

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2
Q

what is a pyrimidine

A

thymine and cytosine for DNA

uracil and cytosine for RNA

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3
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

base + sugar

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4
Q

what is a nucleotide

A

base + sugar + phosphate

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5
Q

name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Adenosine

A

adenine

AMP-ADP-ATP-cAMP

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6
Q

name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Guanosine

A

Guanine

GMP-GDP-GTP-cGMP

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7
Q

name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Inosine

A

Hypoxanthine

IMP

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8
Q

name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Uridine

A

Uracil

UMP-UDP-UTP

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9
Q

name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Cytidine

A

Cytosine

CMP-CDP-CTP

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10
Q

name the free base and nucleotide of the nucleoside Thymidine

A

Thymine

TMP-TDP-TTP

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11
Q

What do nucleosides end in

A

ine

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12
Q

what is needed to synthesize purine nucleotides

A

ATP

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13
Q

what is ATP required for each

A

Kinase
synthetase
ring closure step

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14
Q

is this a ATP utilizing pathway

A

YES

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15
Q

What is the starting material for synthesis of purine nucleotides

A

Ribose 5 phosphate

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16
Q

what pathway does Ribose 5 phosphate come from

A

PPP or pentose phosphate pathway

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17
Q

what does PRPP stand for

A

Phosphoribosyl 1-phosphate pyrophosphate AKA 5 phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphate

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18
Q

PRPP does what

A

Nucleotide salvage

biosynthesis of tryptophan and histidine

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19
Q

Ribose 5 phophate to
PRPP to
?

A

IMP

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20
Q

what is the precursor to other purine nuceotides

A

inosine monophosphate IMP

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21
Q

what must be made first to turn into AMP and GMP

A

IMP

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22
Q

what does not accumulate significantly within the cell

A

IMP

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23
Q

what is IMP the starting material to

A

GMP

AMP

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24
Q

what do reactions need

A

nitrogen from glutamine

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25
Q

what is the nitrogen donor

A

glutamine

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26
Q

what is the first committed step

A

5 phosphoribosyl 1 pyrophosphate to 5 phosphoribosylamine

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27
Q

what will inhibit reaction

A

AMP and GMP or increased product will inhibit reaction

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28
Q

what is needed

A

ATP

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29
Q

what is the methyl donor

A

THF Tetrahydrofolate

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30
Q

the ATP utilizing step is

A

5 phosphoribosylamine to glycinamide ribonucletide GAR

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31
Q

what is the reaction that is adding a Carbon

A

GAR to FGAR by adding a methyl group (THF) by enzyme GAR transformylase

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32
Q

what is also part of these reactions

A

glutamine to glutamate

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33
Q

ATP utilizing pathway is

A

FGAR to AIR

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34
Q

another ATP utilizing pathway is

A

AIR to SACAIR

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35
Q

what is released

A

fumarate

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36
Q

by adding a carbon what is the reaction

A

SACAIR to FAICAR

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37
Q

what is the precursor

A

IMP

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38
Q

what is the reaction the precursor is found

A

FAICAR to IMP

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39
Q

how many reactions does it take to get to AMP and GMP from IMP

A

2 reactions

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40
Q

what is all used in the pathway

A

carbon
nitrogen
methyl

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41
Q 
CO2
Aspartate
N10 formyl THF
gluatmine 
glycine 
Are all steps to what
A

IMP

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42
Q

what is brought in

43
Q

what inhibits amidophosphoriboooosyl transferase

A

hypoxanthine

44
Q

T/F

purine nucleotides are synthesized PREFERENTIALLY by salvage pathways so long as hypoxanthine is available

45
Q

what are the three bases to the desired product

A

Adenine +PRPP +ATP >AMP + PPi
Guanine + PRPP + GTP> AMP + PPi
Hypoxanthine + PRPP > IMP + PPi

46
Q

name the steps

A 
PRPP
5 phosphoribosylamine
GAR
FGAR
AIR
SACAIR
FAICAR
IMP > to either AMP or GMP 
and all sent back to IMP by either:
Salvage pathways> AMP, GMP, Hypoxanthine
47
Q

what happens to nucleotides during degradation of purines to uric acid

A

nucleotides are converted to nucleosides

48
Q

what happens to nucleosides during degradation of purines to uric acid

A

nucleosides are converted to free bases

49
Q

what happens to free bases during degradation of purines to uric acid

A

free bases are converted to a common base (Xanthine)

50
Q

what is the common base

51
Q

what happens to xanthine during degradation of purines to uric acid

A

xanthine is converted to uric acid

52
Q

what happens to uric acid during degradation of purines to uric acid

A

uric acid is excreted

53
Q

what is the purine monophosphate IMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called

A

IMP
Inosine
hypoxathine

54
Q

what is the purine monophosphate XMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called

A

XMP
xanthosine
xanthine

55
Q

what is the purine monophosphate GMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called

A

GMP
Guanosine
Guanine

56
Q

what is the purine monophosphate AMP broken down to a nucleoside called and then what is the name broken down to a free base called

A

AMP
Adenosine
Hypoxanthine

57
Q

what is xanthine oxidized to form

58
Q

what are the free bases that are converted to a common base xanthine

A

Guanine
Hypoxanthine
Inosine>Hypoxanthine
Adenosine > Inosine>Hypoxanthine

59
Q

Xanthine to Uric acid by what enzyme

A

xanthine oxidase

60
Q

what is the final metabolic product of purine catabolism in primates

61
Q

what is caused by an accumulation of excess uric acid

62
Q

uric acid has what kind of solubility

63
Q

what is gout

A

precipitation of needle shaped crystals in soft tissue (joints)

64
Q

what is used to treat gout

A

allopurinol

65
Q

what causes inhibition of xanthine oxidase

A

allopurinal

66
Q

what is a nitrogen base

A

a purine or a pyrimidine

67
Q

where is the addition of the sugar ribose from

68
Q

what is the initial ring formation in the ATP utilizing pathway

69
Q

in the ATP utilizing pathway what is oxidation with

A

with a dehydrogenase

70
Q

where is carbamoyl phosphate from

A

the urea cycle

71
Q

in the urea cycle where is carbamoyl phosphate from

A

mitochodrial matrix

72
Q

in the pyrimidine synthesis cycle where is carbamoyl phosphate from

73
Q

what is the ring formation enzymes

A

CAD
Carbomoyl phosphatase synthetase
Aspartate transcarbamoylase
Dihydroorotase

74
Q

what is the first nitrogen donor

75
Q

what happens during oxidation with a dehydrogenase

A

hihydroorotate to orotate by dihydroorotase dehydrogenase with unbiquinone

76
Q

orotate to UMP by ?

A

adding PRPP and taking away CO2 by UMP synthase

77
Q

what does not donate nitrogen to pyrimidine

78
Q

what donates to UMP

A

glutamine
HCO3-
Aspartate

79
Q

what donates nitrogen

80
Q

UTP to CTP by CTP synthetase is

A

amination of UTP

81
Q

CTP synthesis to what enzymes by what reactants

A

UMP > UDP
CMP > CDP
both are to UMP Kinase

UDP > UTP
CDP > CTP
both are to Nucleotide diphosphskinase

82
Q

what is not salvaged in humans

83
Q

what does have some cytosine deaminase

A

bacteria and fungi

84
Q

what is converted to fluorouracil which is toxic and what is it converted by

A

fluorocytosine is converted to flourouracil by cytosine deaminase

85
Q

what are the salvage pathways of pyrimidines

A

uracil + PRPP > UMP + PPi

thymidine + ATP > TMP + PPi

86
Q

what is the enzyme in the formation of deoxynucleotides

A

ribonucleotide reductase

87
Q

ribonucleotide reductase does what to NDP

A

turns it into dNDP

88
Q

adenine, guanine, and uracil

A

direct reduction of the 2’ hydroxyl group

enzyme is ribonucleotide reductase

89
Q

how is deoxy-TMP or TMP unique to DNA

A

has its own special pathway

still utilizes ribonucleotide reductase

90
Q

what is TMP

A

Thymidine monophosphate

91
Q

what does the reduction of ribonucleotides to deoxynucleotides only occur as

A

diphosphates not monophosphates

92
Q

thymidine synthesis name the pathway

A 
UMP
UDP
dUDP
dUTP (add a methyl donor THF)
dUMP
TMP
TDP
TTP
93
Q

5 important things for thymidine synthesis

A

1) separate pathway
2) main enzyme is thymidylate synthase
3) folic acid is a coenyzme
4) methyl group difference THP
5) NADPH is utilized

94
Q

what is the donor that donates:
N for purines
N and C for pyrimidines

95
Q

Name the donor that donates:
N for purines
N for pyrimidines

96
Q

Name the donor that donates:

N for purines

97
Q

Name the donor that donates:

C for pyrimidines

A

Bicarbonate

98
Q

Name the donor that donates:

C for purines

A

Carbon dioxide

99
Q

Name the donor that donates:
C for purines
C for pyrimidine (thymidine)

A

Folic acid (THF)

100
Q

what are the raw materials for making nucleotides

A

nitrogen donors= GAG
sugar donor= ribose form from the PPP
Carbon donor= folic acid, AA, CO2, bicarbonate, THF
Energy donor= ATP

101
Q

what is the precursor purine nucleotide

A

IMP to AMP and/or GMP

102
Q

What is the precursor pyrimidine nucleotide

A

UMP to CMP and/or TMP

103
Q

purine degradtion

A

common base= xanthine
metabolic pathway fro excretion= uric acid or urate
to much uric aciod= precipitation of uric acid crystals= gout

104
Q

PRPP

A

ribose with a phosphate and a pyrophosphate

used to creat both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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