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Biochemistry 2 > Cholesterol Synthesis > Flashcards

Cholesterol Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is cholesterol located between

A

Membrane fatty acid chains

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2
Q

What does cholesterol form

A

Loose cross links and reduce fluidity

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3
Q

By forming loose cross links and reducing fluidity what is increased

A

Increases rigidity if cholesterol is next to a saturated LCFA

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4
Q

Where is cholesterol the highest in

A

Plasma membranes and is virtually absent from inner mitochondrial membranes

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5
Q

What is cholesterol a precursor to

A

Bile salts

Steroid hormones

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6
Q

esterfied LCFA attached to hydroxyl group and only 30% occurs in the free form

A

Esterfied cholesterol

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7
Q

Esterfied cholesterol form

A

Hydrophobic

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8
Q

Where is esterfied cholesterol not located

A

Membranes

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9
Q

What’s esterfied cholesterol transported by

A

Lipoproteins

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10
Q

What is solubilized in bile

A

Esterfied cholesterol

By bile salts and phospholipids

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11
Q

Any common organic molecule produced by combing an acid with an alcohol

A

Ester

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12
Q

Cholesterol primary site

A

Liver
Extrahepatic tissues:
Intestine adrenal cortex reproductive tissues

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13
Q

Cholesterol location

A

Cytosol

Some enzymes are bound to the ER

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14
Q

What are the raw materials

A

Carbon atoms: Acetyl CoA
Reducing power: NADPH
Energy: ATP Thioester cleavage

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15
Q

Carbs proteins and fat to Acetyl CoA to?

A

Cholesterol

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16
Q

Synthesis of Mevalonic Acid: 3 hydroxy 3 methyglutsryl CoA

A

HMG CoA NEEDS NADPH AND ATP

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17
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme

A

HMG CoA reductase

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18
Q

HMG CoA reductase reactions occurs in the

A

Cytosol

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19
Q

What is cholesterol a essential component of

A

Cell membranes

20
Q

what enzyme creates mevalonate

A

HMG CoA Reductase

21
Q

what is the first unique compound in cholesterol?

A

mevalonate

22
Q

what is irresversible

A

HMG CoA Reductase

23
Q

Regulation is active when

A

non phosphorylates

24
Q

regulation is inactive when

A

phosphorylated

25
Q

squalene is originally in what type of shape

A

in a straight line and needs to get to a ring structure

26
Q

where are the primary bile acids made

A

in the liver and secreted into the duodenum

27
Q

where are the secondary bile acids made

A

in the intestine and bacterial enzymes act on the primary bile salts

28
Q

bile salts/acids are secreted as

A

cholesterol

29
Q

bile acids/salts are both

A

polar and nonpolar and emulsified in the intestine

30
Q

bile acids/ salts are what kind of steroid nucleus

A

saturated steroid nucleus

31
Q

what is the difference?

A

the number and position of the hydroxyl groups

all hydroxyl groups have an alpha configuration

32
Q

what happens at the physiological ph

A

they ionize and occur as sodium and potassium salts

33
Q

name the primary bile salts

A

glycocholic
taurocholic
glycochenodeoxycholic
taurochenodeoxycholic

34
Q

name the secondary bile salts

A

deoxycholic

lithocholic

35
Q

what is the precursor for all steroid hormones

A

pregnenolone

36
Q 
eat carbs
muscle and liver are full of energy and glycogen 
glucokinase pushes glycolysis forward to liver
prep step runs 
starts the krebs 
citrate is kicked out 
citrate lyase gives back the acetyl CoA 
makes fat and cholesterol
A

cholesterol story

37
Q

sterol dependent

A

low sterol levels stimulate HMG COA reductase increased synthesis

38
Q

sterol dependent

A

high sterol levels in the cell down regulates cholesterol synthesis

39
Q

sterol accelerated

A

degradation of HMG COA reductase

40
Q

sterol independent

A

AMP activated protein kinase (activated by CAMP)

reductase phosphorylated- inhibited

41
Q

hormonal regulation stimulation

A

thyroxine and insulin

42
Q

hormonal regulation and down regulation

A

glucagon and glucocorticoids

43
Q

statins are …to HMG COA reductase

A

competitive inhibitors

44
Q

is there degradation of cholesterol

A

no

45
Q

cholesterol synthesis is stimulated by

A

ATP
NADPH
insulin
fructose

46
Q

cholesterol synthesis is inhibited by

A

ADP
AMP
NADP
glucagon

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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