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Biochemistry 2 > Lipolysis > Flashcards

Lipolysis Flashcards

0
Q

What mobilizes the FA from triglycerides?

A

Lipases

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1
Q

Fatty acid oxidation bring the FA to where?

A

The mitochondria

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2
Q

Fatty acid oxidation activates the FA from?

A

acetyl CoA synthetase and pyrophosphatase

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3
Q

How is a FA transported into the matrix of the mitochondria?

A

By CPT and carnitine

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4
Q

Where is the FA transported to?

A

Then matrix of the mitochondria

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5
Q

FA oxidation makes what?

A

Makes ATP

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6
Q

FA oxidation enters the aerobic system(krebs and ETS) by multiple what?

A

Dehydrogenases

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7
Q

Hydrolysis of triglycerides is converted from glycerol to FA by what?

A

Lipases

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8
Q

Lipases TAG goes to DAG by what?

A

ATGL

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9
Q

Lipases DAG goes to MAG by what?

A

HSL

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10
Q

Lipases MAG goes to LCFA and glycerol by what

A

MGL

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11
Q

What are TAG broken down by? And what does it trigger?

A

Epinephrine and glucagon

And triggers the action of three lipases on a lipid droplet

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12
Q

What are the results of epinephrine and glucagon?

A

Low energy

Low blood sugar

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13
Q

What do 3 lipases on a lipid droplet trigger?

A

Lipases turn triglycerides into free fatty acids

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14
Q

Do hormones activate second messengers? And if they do what messengers are stimulated?

A

Yes, stimulates adenylyl Cyclades

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15
Q

What stimulates adenylyl Cyclase?

A

cAMP

AMP kinase PKA

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16
Q

What does PKA stimulate?

A

Stimulates Lipolysis in fat cells

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17
Q

By breaking down a TAG what does it activate?

A

Activated HSL hormones sensitive lipase

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18
Q

What is HSL activated by?

A

Phosphorylation

DAG to MAG

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19
Q

AMP stimulates

A 
Glut4
Glycogen breakdown 
Glycolysis 
LPLm activation
Fat Burning
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20
Q

AMP inhibits?

A

Glycogen synthesis
TAG synthesis
Cholesterol synthesis
FA synthesis

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21
Q

What does insulin do in breaking down TAG?

A

De phosphorylates HSL

inhibits ATGL

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22
Q

What is the fate of glycerol?

A

Transported in blood to the liver

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23
Q

What is glycerol transported by?

A

Phosphorylated to glycerol 3 phosphate

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24
Q

Glycerol 3 phosphate does what?

A

TAG synthesis
Phospholipid synthesis
DHAP glycolysis and gluconeogenesis

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25
Q

Glycerol 3 phosphate is transferred to dihydroxyactone phosphate by what enzyme?

A

By glycerol 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

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26
Q

What is a free fatty acid transported in?

A

Transported in the blood

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27
Q

Free fatty acid in the blood is bound to what and sent to where?

A

Bound to serum albumin

Sent to target tissues skeletal heart renal cortex and is a fuel source

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28
Q

How many free fatty acids can albumin carry?

A

Can army 10 free fatty acids pet protein monomer

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29
Q

What does a FA enter in order to degrade?

A

Enters the muscle

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30
Q

When a FA is activated what does it turn in to?

A

Acyl CoA

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31
Q

FA degradation what does it specifically enter?

A

The mitochondria

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32
Q

Where is a FA in degradation oxidized at?

A

In the mitochondria OHOT

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33
Q

A FA entering the muscle must be chaperoned by a? And escorts it to where?

A

Protein and is escorted to the surface of the mitochondria

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34
Q

Activation of the FA happens how?

A

Attaching a coenzyme A to the FA Snd crating Acyl CoA

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35
Q

After the coenzyme A is attached to the FA and creates Acyl CoA the enzyme is Acyl CoA synthetase it is about to enter what?

A

The mitochondria

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36
Q

Activating the FA is driven by what?

A

Driven by ATP

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37
Q

What is the location that the FA activation takes place?

A

The outer mitochondrial membrane

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38
Q

By activating the FA it does what?

A

Links between CoA and the fatty acid

39
Q

What is consumed in the process of activating the FA?

A

ATP

40
Q

ATP is what

A

AMP + PPi

41
Q

PPI is

A

2Pi + energy

Pyrophosphotase

42
Q

Pyrophosphotase is what to make the reaction irreversible

A

Is hydrolyzes

This is common in biosynthesis

43
Q

After hydrolization we do what?

A

Oxidation

44
Q

What does the CPT (carnitine palmitoyltransferase complex) consists of?

A

CPT I
Acylcarnitine translocase
CPT II

45
Q

What is the CPT complex responsible for?

A

Transport of LCFAs

46
Q

What is CPT I considered?

A

The rate limiting step

47
Q

What’s another name for acylcarnitine translocase?

A

Carnitine acyltransferase

48
Q

CPT complex is reversible inhibited by?

A

Malonyl CoA (first committed step in FA synthesis)

50
Q

CPT complex is kept at a neutral pH optimum and is inhibited when?

A

From pH decrease 7.0 to 6.8

51
Q

in the cytosol is where the BLANK are?

A

the regulatory sites

lactic acid or PH

52
Q

where are the regulatory sites?

A

on the CPT I

53
Q

What four steps does Beta oxidation refer to?

A 
these steps occur prior to having fat enter the aerobic system
Oxidation 
Hydration
Oxidation
Thiolysis
54
Q

During the oxidation phase what occurs?

A

Acyl CoA converted to Trans Enoyl CoA by Acyl CoA dehydrogenase and loses a FAD to go to a FADH2

55
Q

During the hydration phase what occurs?

A

trans enoyl CoA is converted to L-3 hydroyacyl CoA by enoyl CoA hydrotase and water is added

56
Q

What occurs during oxidation II phase?

A

3 hydroxyacyl CoA is converted to 3 ketone CoA by L-3 hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase and NAD+ is lost to go to NADH + H+

57
Q

During the thiolase phase what occurs?

A

3 ketoacyl CoA is converted to Acyl CoA (minus 2) or Acetyl CoA by B ketothiolase while CoA-SH is added to the reaction

58
Q

What does oxidation produce? and by what?

A

produces a double bond and FADH2

Dehydrogenase

59
Q

By adding water (a hydroxyl group) and removing a double bond what is the enzyme?

A

hydratase

60
Q

What does the second oxidation turn the hydroxyl group into?

A

into a carbonyl group

dehydrogenase

61
Q

Oxidation and hydration in the krebs cycle is what?

A

Succinate to Fumarate by:
Succinate dehydrogenase
and fumarate to malate by:
Fumarase

62
Q

In the krebs cycle what is Malate converted to and by what?

A

converted to oxaloacetate and by malate dehydrogenase

63
Q

What are FADH2 and NADH?

A

both are products that got to the ETS

64
Q

What is Acetyl CoA? what does it enter? what does it produce?

A

is a product
enters the krebs cycle
produces reduced coenzymes FADH2 and NADH to be sent to ETS

65
Q

what happens to the Acetyl CoA each time you run the B-Oxidation (OHOT)?

A

is two carbons shorter each time you run the B-oxidation OHOT

66
Q

unsaturated FA degradation?

A

many of the reactions are the same

two additional enzymes are required

67
Q

what are the two additional additional enzymes required?

A

reductase and isomerase

68
Q

what two things are the same at getting into the matrix?

A

translocation and activation

69
Q

What occurs during oxidation?

A

Acyl CoA to 2,4 dienoyl CoA by Acyl CoA dehydrogenase

FAD enters and leaves as FADH2

70
Q

What occurs during reductase?

A

2,4 dienoyl CoA to cis enoyl CoA by 2,4 dienoyl CoA reductase
NADPH + H+ enters and leaves as NADP+

71
Q

What occurs during isomerase? (new step)

A

cis enoyl CoA to trans enoyl CoA by isomerase

72
Q

What occurs during hydration?

A

trans enoyl CoA to L-3 hydroxyacl CoA by enoyl CoA hydratase and water is added

73
Q

What occurs during Oxidation II?

A

L-3 hydroxyacyl Coa to 3 ketoacyl CoA by L-3 hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase
NAD+ enters and leaves as NADH + H+

74
Q

What occurs during thiolase?

A

3 ketoacyl CoA to acyl CoA or Acetyl CoA by beta ketothiolase
CoA-SH enters in

75
Q

what fats require one or two extra enzymes?

A

polyunsaturated

76
Q

what are odd numbered double bonds? how do they get degraded?

A

isomerase

degrade two by two just like even chain FA

77
Q

what are even numbered double bonds? how do they get degrade?

A

reductase and isomerase

they get degraded two by two just like odd chain FA

78
Q

what is the difference between odd and even chain FA?

A

Odd chain FA are let with propionyl CoA

79
Q

what is propionyl CoA converted to?

A

succinyl CoA

this conversion is common in converting AA into TCA intermediates

80
Q

what is required for FA oxidation regulation?

A

energy required

81
Q

what are the energy requirements?

A

Liver
high NADH/ NAD+ ratio
high concentration of acetyl CoA

82
Q

what does the energy requirement of the liver do?

A

need energy B xidation in mitochondria

do not need energy form TAG and phospholipids cytosol

83
Q

what does the energy requirement high NADH/NAD+ do?

A

signals high energy

inhitbits 2nd oxidation step (3 hydroxacyl CoA dehydrogenase?

84
Q

what does concentration of acetyl CoA do?

A

inhibtis thiolase

85
Q

what is carnitine shuttle and what does it do in the FA oxidation regulation?

A

is the rate limiting step

FA in mitochondria committed to B oxidation

86
Q

what does glucose do in FA oxidation regulation?

A

increased glucose increases malonyl CoA

inhibits CPT I inhibits B oxidation

87
Q

what does AMP do in FA oxidation regulation?

A

exercise or fasting increases concentration of AMP
AMPkinase
stimulate FA oxidation inhibits FA synthesis

88
Q

regulation and stimulation

A

hormones
epinephrine norepinephrine glucagon
AMP (cAMP)
low energy

89
Q

regulation and inhibition

A 
hormone
insulin
high glucose 
high energy
high NADH/NAD+
malonyl CoA
90
Q

what are the key enzymes in FA oxidation?

A

lipases
acyl CoA cynthetase
acyl Coa dehydrogenases

91
Q

lipases are

A

free fatty acids from triglycerides

92
Q

acyl CoA sythetases

A

activates the FA for transport into the mitochondria

93
Q

Acyl CoA dehydrogenases

A

first enzyme of OHOT (B oxidation)

oxidizes acyl CoA

94
Q

FA oxidation (has 7 things):

A

mobilizes the FA from Triglyceride- lipases
bring the FA to the mitochondria
activate the FA- acyl CoA synthetase and pyrophosphatase
transport the FA into the matrix of the mitochondria- CPT and carnitine
Beta oxidation- OHOT (acyl CoA Dehydrogenase)
enter the aerobic system(krebs ETS)- multiple dehydrogenases
makes ATP

95
Q

HSL is strongly inhibited by>

A

insulin

96
Q

ATGL is elevated in

A

type II diabetics

97
Q

HSL exhibits a 10 fold higher specific activity for

A

DAG from TAG

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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