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Biochemistry 2 > glycogen degradation > Flashcards

glycogen degradation Flashcards

1
Q

what are chains of glucose connected by

A

a(1-4)

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2
Q

what are branches of glucose connected by

A

a(1-6)

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3
Q

how often does branching occur

A

every 10 glucose molecules

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4
Q

what does branching provide

A

increased solubility

easier access to glucose

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5
Q

maltose is a

A

a(1-4)

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6
Q

what the size of most granules

A

mid size

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7
Q

whats the maximal size of glucose molecules

A

55000

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8
Q

how many tiers of a carb

A

12

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9
Q

what does carb density increase

A

exponetially with each tier
non reducing ends
34.6% of the total glucose are in the outer tier

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10
Q

what are more sensitive to dietary carbs

A

proglycogen

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11
Q

what are synthesized more rapidly following post exercise glycogen depletion reaching a plateau after 24 hours

A

proglycogen

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12
Q

what builds fast but is smaller

A

proglycogen

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13
Q

what is slower and more constant

A

macroglycogen

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14
Q

what synthesis can last for 48 hours post exercise

A

marcogylcogen

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15
Q

what is responsible for carb loading

A

macroglycogen

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16
Q

what cannot release glucose

A

skeletal muscle

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17
Q

what can release glucose

A

liver

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18
Q

what stores glycogen but in small qyanitities

A

other cells

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19
Q

what lacks an enzyme to release glucose

A

muscle

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20
Q

what is the cellular location of glycogen

A

cytosol

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21
Q

phosphorylate glucose

A

hexokinase and glucokinase

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22
Q

make UDP glucose

A

UTP utilization

pyrophosphatase

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23
Q

initiation glycogen synthesis

A

connect glucose to glcogenin

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24
Q

elongation of the chain in glycogen synthesis

A

glycogen synthesis adds glucoses

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25
Q

branching in glycogen synthesis

A

4:6 transfer

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26
Q

what is a protein that starts the glycogen chain with the amino acid tyrosine

A

glycogenin

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27
Q

what is the initiation enzyme

A

glycogen initiator synthase

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28
Q

what is 1 ATP broken down to make

A

glucose 6 phosphate

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29
Q

what it UTP broken down to create

A

UDP glucose

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30
Q

what is pyrophosphate broken down to create

A

UDP glucose

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31
Q

what happens when you are resynthesizing glycogen

A

you are using ATP

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32
Q

what is the equivalence of 3 ATPs broken down

A

to attach each glucose

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33
Q

glucose synthase has what bonds

A

a(1-4)

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34
Q

elongation of the chain is done by what enzyme by adding glucose molecules

A

glycogen synthase

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35
Q

branching occurs by what enzyme

A

glucosyl 4:6 transferase

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36
Q

glucosyl 4:6 transferase has what bond

A

a(1-6)

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37
Q

what type of carbon chain are taken from the end and attached to another glucose molecule in the chain

A

5:8

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38
Q

what kind of bond can glycogen synthase add

A

a(1-4)

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39
Q

what bond can be added to additional growing chains

A

a(1-6) by 4:6 transferase

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40
Q

what is the result of adding a(1-4) bonds and a(1-6) bonds

A

highly branched structure

41
Q

what are the two main enzymes of regulation

A

glycogen synthase

glycogen phosphorylase

42
Q 
low atp 
lots of ADP AMP
low glucose
glucagon 
muscle contraction
A

glycogen phosphosylase

43
Q

lots of ATP
lots of glucose
insulin
low glycogen levels

A

glycogen synthase

44
Q

what is glycogen synthase a key enzyme responsible for

A

synthesis of glycogen

45
Q

muscle glycogen concentration is a far more potent regulator of glycogen synthase activity then what

A

insulin or muscle contraction

46
Q

what is glycogen synthase bound to a part of

A

glycogen protein complex

47
Q

what happens when the concentration of glycogen decreases

A

glycogen synthase is released

48
Q

what is the most potent stimulator of glycogen synthase

A

glycogen levels within the muscle

49
Q

what does intense exercise burn

A

muscle and liver glycogen

50
Q

what does exercise do

A

Glut 4 translocation

Glut 4 transcription-translation (more transporters)

51
Q

what happens post exercise

A

stimulates glycogen synthesis (free glycogen synthase)

increases insulin sensitivity

52
Q

what type of fiber is responsible for more hypertrophy

A

TYPE II

53
Q

what happens after intense exercise

A

glycogen synthesis has an initial high rate
maximal activity during the first 30 min
rapid decline to about 1/5 by 60 min
reduced by 1/9 by 120min

54
Q

what are two reasons for the decline after intense exercise

A

increased glucose uptake (gluts 4)

increased glycogen enzyme activity (glycogen synthase)

55
Q

the rapid phase is what

A

insulin independent
occurs when glycogen levels are relatively low and carbs are provided quick after exercise
30-60 min

56
Q

the slow phase what happens

A

several hours later
insulin dependent
much slower rate of glycogen synthesis
must had carbs and insulin availible

57
Q

where is glycogen primarily stored

A

liver and skeletal muscle

58
Q

what happens to glycogen synthase after high glycemic carbs are consumed after exercise

A

the resaultant hyperinsulinemia leads to only a slight increase of glycogen synthase

59
Q

by adding carbs it will increase insulin but what will it not have an effect on

A

no additive effect on glycogen synthase

60
Q

what happens two hours post exercise to the number of glucose transporters associated with the sarcolemma

A

it returns to the pre exercise concentration

61
Q

what may be 45% lower when carb ingestion post exercise is delayed by 2 hours compared with immediate consumption post exercsise

A

muscle glycogen synthesis rates lower

62
Q

what does consuming carbs after exercise increase

A

increase glycogen synthesis

63
Q

what does it meant when you do not consume carbs after exercise but are still able to build glycogen

A

you are catabolizing amino acids to make glycogen

64
Q

T/F
CHO supplements provided at 2 hour interval may not adequately increase and maintain blood glucose and insulin levels for 2 hours

A

true

65
Q

by ingestion of carbs and proteins after exercise what happens in comparison to just ingesting carbs alone

A

it leads to a higher muscle glycogen synthesis rate

66
Q

when intaking a high amount of carbs and some proteins what will happen

A

it will not lead to a higher glycogen synthesis in comparison with just intaking small amounts of both carbs and proteins together

67
Q

what different types of proteins impact muscle glycogen levels
(faster to slower)

A

1) whey protein hydrosylates
2) whey protein
3) casein hydrosylates
4) brain chain amino acids

68
Q

do trained or untrained have a higher increase in glycogen storage

A

trained have a 2 fold higher increase

69
Q

what is the better teh quality of the carb or the quantity of the carb in GI?

A

the quality is better

70
Q

the higher the glycemic load the greater the expected elevation in blood glucose and in the insulinogenic effect of food
T/F

A

T

71
Q

what is glycemic load

A

the glycemic index times the grams of carbs in a serving of the food

72
Q

what is long term consumption of a diet with a relative high glycemic load associated with

A

associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease

73
Q

the longer and higher the elevation of blood glucose the greater the risk for what

A

developing chronic disease and obesity

74
Q

what are high GI meals more effective at replenishing muscle glycogen stores during what phase of recovery

A

the second phase

allows a faster not better repletion

75
Q

what does low insulin during exercise allow

A

allows a increased in FFA concentration

76
Q

blood glucose levels tend to be higher in the later phase of prolonged exercise when subjects are fed what

A

low GI compared with high GI pre exercise meals

77
Q

what happens to insulin regardless of what you consume before you exercise

A

insulin levels decrease and reach the same values regardless of the GI of the pre exercise meal

78
Q

glucose and glucose/fructose solutions ingested at a rate of 90g/h are equally effective at what

A

restoring muscle glycogen in exercise muscles during the recovery from exhaustive exercise

79
Q

why is fructose thought to mediate this effectof very low doses of fructose are added to a glucose containing meal glucose tolerance is improved

A

activating glucokinase

80
Q

low dose fructose infusion cause a 3 fold increase in net hepatic glycogen synthesis exclusively through

A

stimulation of glycogen synthase flux

81
Q

what has a higher Km which takes more glucose to get it going

A

glucokinase

82
Q

what is not inhibited by glucose 6 phosphate which keeps going

A

glucokinase

83
Q

what is stimulated by insulin and fructose

A

glucokinase

84
Q

what is inhibted by G6P

A

hexokinase

85
Q

what do low doses of fructose cause a 3 fold increase in

A

liver glycogen synthesis

86
Q

what do small amounts of fructose cause a release of

A

glucokinase from a regulatory protein

87
Q

F6P binds to a regulatory protein and inhibits

A

glucokinase

88
Q

when F1P binds to a regulatory protein what is set free and activated

A

glucokinase

89
Q

what is the main endogenous source of glucose

A

the liver is the fasted state

90
Q

following glucose consumption what consumes it

A

the liver along with removing 1/3 of an oral carb load

91
Q

what will not cause the liver to take in glucose when blood glucose is in the normal range

A

insulin

92
Q

what is the primary site of fructose disposal

A

the liver is 70% total

93
Q

what enzymes are essential for fructose metabolism ana are highly expressed in the liver

A

fructokinase

triokinase (limited expression in muscle and adipose tissue)

94
Q

why are high levels of fructose not good

A

liver has high uptake

increased fat lactate and glycerol formation

95
Q

what are relatively the same

A

HFCS and sucrose

96
Q

what has no benefit for muscle glycogen synthesis

A

fructose

97
Q

what low doses increase liver glycogen synthesis

A

fructose

98
Q

glycogen regulation synthesis

A

1) high blood glucose
2) insulin
3) fructose
4) low glycogen content
5) high energy charge
6) ATP

99
Q

glycogen regulation breakdown

A

1) low blood glucose
2) glucagon
3) low energy charge
4) ADP AMP
5) calcium

Biochemistry 2 (13 decks)

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