Glycogen degradation exam 2

Question 0

Glucose sources?

Answer 0

Diet glycogen gluconeogenesis

Question 1

Glucose’s energy source for?

Answer 1

Brain
Blood cells
Exercising muscles

Question 2

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 2

Synthesis of glucose

Slow response

Question 3

Glycogen and low blood sugar

Answer 3

Glycogen in liver and kidney can breakdown and release glucose quickly

Question 4

Glycogen and exercising muscle

Answer 4

Glycogen in muscle can breakdown and release glucose for energy

Question 5

Glycogen primary sites for storage

Answer 5

Liver and skeletal muscle

Question 6

Chains of glucose are connected by what glycosidic bonds?

Answer 6

A (1-4)

Question 7

Branch points are formed by what glycosidic bonds

Answer 7

A(1-6)

Occurs every 10 glucose molecules
Increased solubility
Easier access to glucose

Question 8

Where is glycogen stored

Answer 8

Cytosol

Question 9

Glycogen to glucose 1 phosphate what enzyme and coenzyme is used

Answer 9

Glycogen phosphorylase and pyridoxal phosphate

Question 10

Mutation phase

Answer 10

Glucose 1 phosphate converted to glucose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucomutase

Question 11

T/F muscles lack the enzyme needed to release glucose

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Glucose 6 phosphate and the liver

Answer 12

Converted to free glucose (g6p)
ER
Glucose sent to cytosol (released in the blood stream)

Question 13

G6P and the muscles

Answer 13

Glycolysis

Question 14

Is phosphorylase still effective at breaking down glycogen?

Answer 14

No

Question 15

How many glucose molecules have to be left in order for glycogen breaking down to stop proceeding?

Answer 15

4

Question 16

What are the enzymes required in order to break down the branches?

Answer 16

Glucosyl (4:4) transferase removes 3 outer glucose molecules 
Amylo a(1 6) glucosidase removed the last glucose branch

Question 17

When does glycogen phosphorylase begin again

Answer 17

After it gets four away from the last branch

Question 18

Glycogenolysis regulation main enzyme?

Answer 18

Glycogen phosphorylase

Question 19

Glycogenolysis regulation in the liver is

Answer 19

Fasting stimulating

Question 20

Glycogenolysis in the muscle is

Answer 20

Stimulated during exercise

Question 21

Glycogenolysis regulation and hormones

Answer 21

Glucagon (liver)

Epinephrine (liver muscle)

Question 22

Activation of adenylyl cyclase

Answer 22

Camp

Protein kinase a PKA

Question 23

Glycogen regulation is broken down by what

Answer 23

Calcium (muscle contraction) 
Epinephrine 
Low energy charge 
Low blood glucose (glucagon) 
ADP AMP

Question 24

Calcium is released where and binds to what

Answer 24

Released in muscle (neural stimulation) and liver (epinephrine)
Binds to calmodulin (caM) Ca2+-CaM complex

Question 25

What does calmodulin activate

Answer 25

Phosphorylase kinase

Question 26

Ca+ and energy charge

Answer 26

Muscle contraction uses ATP

Neural stimulation releases Ca2+ from SR. (which binds to CaM)

Question 27

Ca2+ and stress

Answer 27

Liver
Epinephrine released from adrenal medulla (need glucose)
Releases Ca2+ from ER to cytoplasm and binds to CaM

Question 28

AMP and energy charge

Answer 28

Muscle
High levels of AMP
AMP binds to glycogen phosphorylase b (no phosphorylation)

Question 29

Glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 29

Low ATP 
High levels of ADP AMP 
Low levels of glucose 
Glucagon (liver) 
 Muscle contraction (calcium)

Question 30

Glycogen synthase

Answer 30

Lots of ATP
High levels of glucose
Insulin
Low glucagon levels

Question 31

Enzymes for glycogen breakdown

Answer 31

Glycogen phosphorylase 
Phosphoglucomutase 
Glycosyl (4:4) transferase 
Amylo a (1 6) glucosidase 
Glucose 6 phosphate