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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb > Pelvis > Flashcards

Pelvis Flashcards

1
Q

Where do the testes start off?

A

Retroperitoneal

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2
Q

What is the superficial inguinal ring made from?

A

A gap in external obliques aponeurosis

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3
Q

Where is the deep inguinal ring?

A

1.25cm about inguinal ligament, halfway between the pubic tubercle and ASIS

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4
Q

Which artery does the inferior epigastric artery come off?

A

external iliac artery

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5
Q

Where is the superficial inguinal ring?

A

1.25cm above the pubic tubercle

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6
Q

How long is the inguinal canal?

A

C. 4cm

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7
Q

What is the deep inguinal ring made from?

A

A U-shaped condensation of transversalis fascia

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8
Q

What forms the anterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

external oblique aponeurosis

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9
Q

What forms the posterior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia and conjoint tendon (int oblique and transversus abdo)

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10
Q

What forms the superior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

conjoined muscles of internal oblique and transversalis fascia

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11
Q

What forms the inferior boundary of the inguinal canal?

A

The inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament

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12
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery lie in relation to the inguinal canal?

A

Posteriorly and medial to the deep inguinal ring

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13
Q

What are the group of testicular veins called?

A

Pampiniform plexus

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14
Q

What are the layers that surround the teste? - inside to outside

A

tunic albuginea, tunica vaginalis, internal spermatic fascia, cremaster muscle, external spermatic fascia, dartos muscle

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15
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis formed from?

A

Peritoneum

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16
Q

What is the internal spermatic fascia formed from?

A

Transversalis fascia

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17
Q

What is the cremaster muscle formed from?

A

Internal oblique muscle

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18
Q

What is the external spermatic fascia formed from?

A

External oblique muscle

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19
Q

What is the dartos muscle formed from?

A

Scarpa’s (and some campers) fascia

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20
Q

In females what is the equivalent of the dartos muscle?

A

Labia majora

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21
Q

Which layer of the abdominal wall does not form a part of the testes fascial layers?

A

Transversus abdominis

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22
Q

What are the three arteries of the spermatic cord?

A

testicular artery, artery of the Vas, Cremasteric artery

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23
Q

What are the three veins of the spermatic cord?

A

Testicular vein, vein of Vas, cremasteric vein

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24
Q

What are the three nerves of the spermatic cord?

A

genital branch of the genitofemoral, inguinal branch of ilioinginal, sympathetics

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25
Q

What are the three other structures of the spermatic cord?

A

Vas Deferens, lymphatics, Processus Vaginalis

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26
Q

What is the epididymus?

A

A convoluted tube running from the superior to inferior pole of the testis, on posterior surface of the testis

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27
Q

What is the function of the epididymus?

A

Storage and maturation of sperm

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28
Q

What is the tunica albuginea?

A

The innermost covering of the testis

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29
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

Continuation of the peritoneum into the testis, tube that is usually obliterated

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30
Q

What is buck’s fascia?

A

The thick fascial layer that surrounds the penis to prevent too much blood from entering the penis during erection

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31
Q

What are the three cylinders of tissue that make up the shaft of the penis?

A

corpora cavernosum x2 and corpora spongiosum

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32
Q

What is the glans penis made up of?

A

Corpora spongiosum tissue

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33
Q

Which cylindrical tissues cause the penis to become hard?

A

Corpora cavernosum

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34
Q

Which cylindrical tissue causes the penis to become erect?

A

Corpora spongiosum

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35
Q

Where does the urethra lie in the penis?

A

Inside the corpora spongiosum

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36
Q

What is the navicular fossa?

A

The dilatation and slit-opening of the urethra in the penis

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37
Q

What are the borders of the urogenital triangle/perineum?

A

Inferior pubic rami and ischial tuberosities

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38
Q

What are the borders of the ano-rectal triangle?

A

ischial tuberosities and the coccyx

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39
Q

What is the membrane that covers the area of the urogenital triangle called?

A

perineal membrane

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40
Q

What is the layer underlying the perineal membrane called?

A

Deep perineal pouch

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41
Q

Where do the corpora cavernosum arise from?

A

The area between the inferior pubic rami and perineal membrane

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42
Q

What is the name of the muscle surrounding the crura cavernosa?

A

Ischio-cavernosus

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43
Q

Where is the crura spongiosus?

A

A circular erectile tissue at the base of the penis

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44
Q

What erectile tissue makes up the labia majora?

A

bulbospongiosa

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45
Q

Which parts of the vulva are hair-bearing?

A

Labia majora are hair bearing
minora and clitoris are not

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46
Q

What is the clitoris made from?

A

The junction between all different bits of erectile tissue

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47
Q

What is the scrotums parallel in the female?

A

labia majora

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48
Q

What is the nerve supply to the skin of the superior part of the vulva?

A

Ilioinguinal nerve - L1

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49
Q

What is the nerve supply to the skin inferior to the urethra?

A

Sacral nerve - S2

50
Q

What nerve does sensation to the anal canal and anus?

A

S5

51
Q

What are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-S4

52
Q

What are the anatomical borders of the perineum?

A

pubic symphysis, tip of coccyx, inferior pubic rami, inferior ischial rami, sacrotuberous ligament, roof: pelvic floor, base: skin

53
Q

What line divides the urogenital and anal triangle?

A

A theoretical line between the two ischial tuberosities

54
Q

What structures are contained within the deep perineal pouch?

A

External urethral sphincter, part of the urethra, part of the vagina in women, bulbourethral glands in men

55
Q

What is the perineal membrane?

A

A layer of tough fascia for attachment of external genitalia. separates deep and superficial perineal pouches

56
Q

What structures are contained within the superficial perineal pouch?

A

Erectile tissues that form the penis and clitoris, ischiocavernosis, bulbospongiosus and transverse perineal muscles, bartholin’s glands

57
Q

What are the two superficial layers of fascia?

A

superficial layer - continuous with Camper’s fascia
Deep layer - Colle’s fascia - continuous with Scarpa’s fascia

58
Q

What is the perineal body?

A

A fibromuscular mass, the point of attachment for muscle fibres from the pelvic floor and perineum

59
Q

Where is the perineal body?

A

Between the vaginal opening and anus in women and penis and anus in men

60
Q

What is the blood supply to the perineum?

A

Internal pudendal artery

61
Q

What is the nerve supply to the perineum?

A

pudendal nerve (S2,3,4 keeps your penis off the floor)

62
Q

What ligament separates the sciatic foramina?

A

sacrospinous ligament

63
Q

What structures pass through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

superior gluteal NVA, sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve, inferior gluteal NVA, nerve to obturator internus and nerve to quadratus femoris

64
Q

What structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Inferior pudendal AV, pudendal nerve, obturator internus tendon, nerve to obturator internus

65
Q

What is the path of the pudendal nerve through the sciatic foramina?

A

Leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen, re-enters via lesser sciatic foramen, enters pudendal canal

66
Q

What are the three parts of the hip bone?

A

Ilium, pubis, ischium

67
Q

What is the name of the cartilage that joins the parts of the hip bone in children?

A

Triradiate cartilage

68
Q

What is the name of the area of the pelvic bone where the femur joins?

A

acetabulum

69
Q

What is the name of the indentation on the posterior surface of the ilium?

A

Greater sciatic notch

70
Q

What are the four spines of the ilium?

A

ASIS, PSIS, AIIS, PIIS

71
Q

What is the mid-inguinal point?

A

halfway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

72
Q

What is the mid-point of the inguinal ligament?

A

halfway between ASIS and pubic tubercle

73
Q

What can be palpated at the mid-inguinal point?

A

Femoral pulse

74
Q

What are the three parts to the pubic bone?

A

Pubic body, superior and inferior pubic rami

75
Q

What is the name of the hole made by the superior and inferior pubic rami?

A

Obturator foramen

76
Q

What structures pass through the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator nerve, artery and vein

77
Q

What are the attachments of the sacrospinous ligament?

A

ischial spine, sacrum

78
Q

What are the attachments of the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Sacrum to ischial tuberosity - forming lesser sciatic foramen

79
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

Femoral VAN, inguinal lymph nodes, lateral cutaneous nerve, great saphenous vein, femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve

80
Q

What artery supplies the prostate?

A

Inferior vesical artery

81
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the prostate?

A

Internal iliac nodes

82
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

The area below the pelvic brim

83
Q

What is the greater/false pelvis?

A

Superior to the pelvic brim, area within pelvic bones, supports lower abdominal viscera

84
Q

What is the plane of the pelvic inlet?

A

An imaginary plane that separates the pelvic and abdominal cavity

85
Q

What is the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Also known as the pelvic floor, a group of muscles that hold the pelvic organs in place - coccygeus and levator ani

86
Q

Where is the pelvic inlet?

A

The space between the greater and lesser pelvis

87
Q

What does the gubernaculum become in males and females?

A

M - Scrotal ligament
F - Round ligament

88
Q

Which vein does the pampiniform plexus of veins come from?

A

Vein of the Vas/testicular

89
Q

How long does sperm take to mature?

A

2.5 months

90
Q

What is the pathway of sperm to the urethra?

A

Seminiferous tubules, rete testis, epididymus, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct

91
Q

What are the four parts of the male urethra?

A

prostatic, membranous, bulbous, penile

92
Q

What are the walls of the pelvic diaphragm made from?

A

Floor: levator ani, coccygeus
Lateral: obturator internus
Posterior: Piriform

93
Q

What is the hole in the piriform muscle called?

A

The greater sciatic foramen

94
Q

What sits immediately below the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Perineum

95
Q

What does the dorsal artery of the penis supply?

A

The glans penis

96
Q

What do the deep arteries of the penis supply?

A

Corpus cavernosum

97
Q

What does the perineal artery supply?

A

Bulbospongiosus and ischiocaverosus

98
Q

What does the internal pudendal artery supply?

A

Perineum, rectum, erectile bodies, anal and urogenital region

99
Q

Which structures pass through the pudendal canal?

A

Internal pudendal artery, internal pudendal veins, pudendal nerve

100
Q

Where is the pudendal canal?

A

On the medial surface of obturator internus, a sheath derived from the fascia of obturator internus

101
Q

Where does the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply to the pelvis come from?

A

Para: pelvic splanchnic
Symp: sacral plexus

102
Q

What are the branches of the pudendal nerve?

A

Inferior rectal, perineal (posterior scrotal nerve), dorsal nerve of the penis/clitoris (PID)

103
Q

What does the inferior rectal nerve do?

A

Anal sphincter

104
Q

What does the perineal nerve supply?

A

ischiocaverosus, bulbospongiosus and levator ani muscles, urethral sphincter, skin of perineum

105
Q

What does the dorsal nerve of the penis do?

A

supply to skin of penis/clitoris. responsible for erection

106
Q

What does the tunica albuginea of the penis cover?

A

The corpus cavernosum and spongiosus muscles

107
Q

What are the fascial layers of the penis - external to internal?

A

Skin, dartos fascia, bucks fascia, tunica albuginea

108
Q

where is the bulbourethral gland situated?

A

In the bulb of the penis

109
Q

What is the frenulum of the penis?

A

The connection between the glans penis and the foreskin

110
Q

What are the three muscles that make up levator ani?

A

Puborectalis, pubococcygeus, iliococcygeus

111
Q

The seminal gland recieves its blood supply from what arteries?

A

Inferior vesical, middle rectal

112
Q

The efferent ducts are between which structures?

A

The epididymus and rete testes

113
Q

Which nerve exits through the greater sciatic foramen and re-enters through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Internal pudendal nerve

114
Q

What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve?

A

L2-L4

115
Q

Where is sympathetic innervation to detrusor from?

A

The superior and inferior hypogastric plexuses

116
Q

where do the gonadal veins drain into?

A

Right into IVC, left into left renal vein

117
Q

Which blood vessels form a major anastamosis in females and not in males?

A

The gonadal (ovarian artery) and uterine artery

118
Q

The seminal gland recieves its blood supply from what arteries?

A

Inferior vesicle and middle rectal - it sits on the posterior inferior surface of the bladder

119
Q

Erection of the penis or clitoris would be affected by bilaterally cutting which nerve?

A

Pelvic splanchnic

120
Q

A surgeon opened the external oblique aponeurosis just cranial to the inguinal ligament. He then located a nerve that ran a course parallel to the inguinal ligament and disappeared deep to the external spermatic fascia. This had to be which nerve?

A

Ilioinguinal

121
Q

Rupture of the membranous during a catheterization can cause urine to extravasate into the what?

A

deep perineal space

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb (13 decks)

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