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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb > Leg and Foot > Flashcards

Leg and Foot Flashcards

1
Q

Surface anatomy:

What bony prominence do we sit on?

A

Ischial tuberosity

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2
Q

Surface anatomy:

what spinal level are the iliac crests usually level with?

A

L4 Vertebra

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3
Q

Surface anatomy:

what bony structure lies below the dimples of venus?

A

Posterior superior iliac spine (and sacroiliac joints)

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4
Q

Surface anatomy:

where can the greater trochanter be palpated?

A

superior lateral thigh

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5
Q

Surface anatomy:

at the top of the natal cleft, what bony structure can be palpated?

A

the coccyx

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6
Q

Surface anatomy: what bony prominence can be palpated bilaterally on the anterior pelvis?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

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7
Q

Surface anatomy:

where can you palpate the pubic symphysis in males and females?

A

females - beneath the mons pubis

males - just superior to the proximal attachment of the penis

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8
Q

Surface anatomy:

What position must the leg be in to allow passive movement of the patella?

A

extension - relax quadriceps allowing movement of the patella within the quadriceps tendon

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9
Q

Surface anatomy:

what bone forms the medial malleolus?

A

Tibia

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10
Q

Surface anatomy:

what bone forms the bony prominences felt on each lateral surface of the knee, particularly when flexed?

A

femur (condyles)

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11
Q

Surface anatomy:

What is the name of the bony prominence that we kneel on?

A

tibial tuberosity

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12
Q

Surface anatomy:

what bone forms the lateral malleolus?

A

fibula

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13
Q

Surface anatomy:

what joint forms the ball of the foot?

A

1st metatarsal-phalangeal joint

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14
Q

Surface anatomy:

what bone forms the heel of the foot?

A

calcaneus

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15
Q

Surface anatomy:

can you palpate the head of fibula?

A

yes - on the lateral surface of the knee

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16
Q

Surface anatomy:

where can you feel the head of the talus?

A

distal to the medial malleolus - best felt when the foot is inverted passively

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17
Q

Surface anatomy:

what is the significance of Holden’s line?

A

junction between scarpa’s (superficial membranous abdominal fascia) and the fascia Lata (deep investing fascia of the thigh)

crosses the hip joint capsule (helpful!)

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18
Q

Surface anatomy:

what pulse can be found in the femoral triangle? how can you locate this exactly?

A

femoral

mid-inguinal point - half way between the PS and ASIS

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19
Q

Surface anatomy:

where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be found?

A

just lateral to extensor hallucis longus tendon

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20
Q

osteology: what is the main function of the false pelvis?

A

supporting lower abdominal viscera

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21
Q

osteology:

what are the borders of the pelvis brim/inlet?

A

posterior - sacral promontory and wings (ala)
lateral - arcuate line of ilium (x2) and pectineal lines of superior pubic rami (otherwise known as the iliopectineal line)
(the above 2 borders combined = linea terminalis)
anterior - pubic symphysis

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22
Q

osteology:

what are the borders of the pelvic outlet?

A

posterior - coccyx
lateral - ischial tuberosities and the sacrotuberous ligaments
anterior - ischiopubic rami inferior border (pubic arch)

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23
Q

osteology:

list as many differences as you can between the male and female pelvis?

A

female pelvis:

  • wider
  • lighter
  • oval shaped pelvic inlet/brim (less prominent sacral promontory - more heart shaped in males)
  • less prominent ischial spines - larger bispinous diameter
  • greater angles sub-pubic arch
  • shorter, more curved sacrum
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24
Q

osteology:

what bones make up the hip bones?

A

ilium, pubis and ischium

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25
Q

osteology:

what articulations are there within the adult pelvic girdle?

A

sacroiliac
sacrococcygeal
pubic symphysis

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26
Q

osteology:

at what age does the triradiate cartilage ossify leading to fusion of the 3 parts of the hip bone?

A

15-17 years

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27
Q

osteology:

where is the triradiate cartilage found?

A

acetabulum of the pelvis (in children under 17 years)

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28
Q

osteology:

what are the names of the 2 surfaces of the ilium?

A

gluteal surface (external) and iliac fossa (internal)

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29
Q

osteology:

where is the greater sciatic notch located?

A

indentation in the posterior aspect of the ilium - the sacrospinous ligament makes this into a foramen known as the greater sciatic foramen

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30
Q

osteology:

where is the lesser sciatic notch?

A

indentation in the posterior ischium - the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments make this into the lesser sciatic foramen

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31
Q

osteology:

what makes up the obturator foramen ?

A

pubis and ischium

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31
Q

osteology:

what makes up the obturator foramen ?

A

pubis and ischium

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32
Q

osteology:

where is the intertrochanteric line?

A

anterior aspect of proximal femur located between the two trochanters

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33
Q

osteology:

where is the intertrochanteric crest?

A

posterior aspect of proximal femur between the two trochanters - the quadrate tubercle is located here where quadratus femoris inserts

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34
Q

osteology:

where is the pectineal line?

A

posterior-medial proximal femur - converges with the gluteal tuberosity to form the linea aspera

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35
Q

osteology:

where is the linea aspera? List some of its functions.

A

posterior shaft of the femur
origin of vastus medialis and lateralis and short head of biceps femoris
insertion for adductor magnus, longus and brevis

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36
Q

osteology:

is the apex of the patella superior or inferior?

A

inferior

the base is superior

37
Q

osteology:

What is the sustenaculum tali? (you’re welcome Ed)

A

a shelf-like projection on the medial surface of the calcaneus
It is a common point of insertion for ligaments of the ankle such as the tibiocalcaneal ligament (part of the deltoid ligament)

38
Q

osteology:

Articulation between what bones allows plantar/dorsiflexion of the foot?

A

fibula, tibia and talus (talocrural joint)

39
Q

osteology:

Articulation between what bones allows inversion and eversion of the ankle?

A

talus and calcaneus (subtalar joint)

40
Q

connective tissues:

Name the intracapsular ligaments of the hip.

A 
ligamentum teres (aka ligament to head of femur) 
transverse acetabular ligament
41
Q

connective tissues:

name the extracapsular ligament of the femur. Of these - which are visible anteriorly?

A

pubofemoral
iliofemoral
(both of above anterior)

ischiofemoral

42
Q

connective tissues:

What are the attachments of the tibial collateral ligament?

A

medial epicondyle of femur to medial tibia, and the medical meniscus

43
Q

connective tissues:

what is the function of the ACL?

A

prevent anterior dislocation of the tibia (hence it attaches onto the ANTERIOR intercondylar area of the tibia)

44
Q

connective tissues:

what is the function of the oblique popliteal ligament?

A

stabilise the knee posteriorly

45
Q

connective tissues:

What ligaments make up the deltoid ligament?

A

Anterior and posterior tibiotalar
tibiocalcaneal
tibionavicular

46
Q

connective tissues:

what are the 3 parts of the lateral ligament of the ankle?

A

talofibular anterior and posterior

calcaneofibular

47
Q

Vasculature:

where does the plantar venous arch drain into?

A

posterior tibial veins

48
Q

Vasculature:

where do the posterior tibial veins drain into?

A

popliteal vein

49
Q

Vasculature:

when does the popliteal vein become the femoral vein?

A

adductor hiatus

50
Q

Vasculature:

where does the dorsal venous arch of the foot drain into?

A

Great and small saphenous veins

51
Q

Vasculature:

describe the path of the great saphenous vein

A

anterior to medial malleolus, up the medial leg, posterior to medial condyle of femur, up the medial thigh, joins the femoral vein at the saphenous opening in the fascia lata (passes through this opening from superficial to deep)

52
Q

Vasculature:

describe the path of the small saphenous vein

A

passes posterior to the lateral malleolus, up the posterior aspect of the leg, passes between the 2 heads of gastrocnemius superficially before draining into the popliteal vein in the popliteal fossa

53
Q

Vasculature:

Where do the superior and inferior gluteal veins drain into?

A

internal iliac vein

54
Q

Vasculature:

where do the superior and inferior gluteal artery branch from?

A

Internal iliac artery
(superior from posterior division)
(inferior from anterior division)

55
Q

Vasculature:

Describe how the femoral artery supplies the hip joint

A

femoral artery -> profunda femoris -> medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries

(Artery to head of femur branches from the obturator artery - fairly insignificant)

56
Q

Vasculature:

what branches of the femoral artery descend down the length of the thigh?

A

profunda femoris (descends about 2/3rds and more posterior)
descending branch of lateral circumflex femoral artery (desends anterio-laterally to the knee)
femoral artery itself (travels from anterior to medial to posterior)

57
Q

Vasculature:

What are the branches of the popliteal artery?

A

anterior and posterior tibial arteries

58
Q

Vasculature:

where does the fibular artery branch from?

A

posterior tibial artery

59
Q

Vasculature:

Where do the medial and lateral plantar arteries branch from?

A

posterior tibial artery

60
Q

Vasculature:

What is the dorsalis pedis a continuation of?

A

Anterior tibial artery

61
Q

Nerves:

what are the branches of the lumbar plexus?

A 
iliohypograstric 
ilioinguinal 
genitofemoral 
lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh 
femoral 
obturator
62
Q

Nerves:

what is the motor and sensory function of the iliohypograstic nerve? An it nerve roots?

A

L1

motor: TA and IO
sensory: posterior-lateral gluteal skin and pubic region

63
Q

Nerves:

what is the function of the ilioinguinal nerve? And its nerve roots?

A

L1

sensory: upper medial thigh and either:
- root and penis and anterior scrotum
- mons pubis and labia majora

motor: TA and IO

64
Q

Nerves:

What are the nerve roots of the genitofemoral nerve and its functions?

A

L1 and L2

sensory:
- genital branch - anterior scrotum or mons pubis and labia majora (very similar to ilioinguinal)
- femoral branch - upper anterior thigh
motor: cremasteric muscle

65
Q

Nerves:

what are the nerve roots of the the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh?

A

L2 and L3

66
Q

Nerves:

what are the nerve roots of the femoral nerve and its functions?

A

L2-L4

sensory: anterior thigh and medial leg (saphenous nerve)
motor: anterior compartment of thigh + pectineus and iliacus

67
Q

Nerves:

What are the nerve roots of the obturator nerve and its functions?

A

L2-L4

motor: medial compartment of thigh + obturator externus and pectineus
sensory: upper medial thigh

68
Q

Nerves:

What are the nerve roots of the superior gluteal nerve and its functions?

A

L4, L5 and S1

Glut min and med (Trendelenburg gait in SGN injury)

69
Q

Nerves:

What are the nerve roots of the inferior gluteal nerve and what does it innervate?

A

L5, S1, S2

Glut max

70
Q

Nerves: What are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3 (Big nerve!)

71
Q

Nerves: What is the sensory function of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial portion: supplies the skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral foot and the sole of the foot (sural nerve, medial and lateral plantar nerves)
Common fibular portion: lateral leg and dorsum of foot (lateral sural nerve, superficial fibular and deep fibular)

72
Q

Nerves:

What is the motor function of the sciatic nerve?

A

Tibial portion: hamstrings other than short head of biceps femoris, hamstring portion of adductor magnus, posterior leg and sole of foot muscles (tibial nerve gives rise to both medial and lateral plantar nerves)
common fibular portion: short head of biceps femoris, lateral leg and anterior leg as well as extensor digitorum brevis (on dorsum of foot)

73
Q

Nerves: What are the nerve roots and functions of the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?

A

S1-S3

sensory: posterior thigh (+ a bit of posterior leg and perineum)

74
Q

Nerves: What are the nerve roots and functions of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2,3 and 4 (keeps piss and shit off the floor!!)

motor: perineal muscles, levator ani, external urethral sphincter, external anal sphincter
sensory: penis, clitoris, perineal skin

75
Q

Anatomical areas:

What are the borders of the femoral triangle ?

A

Superior: inguinal ligament

medial: medial border of adductor longus
lateral: medial border of sartorius

76
Q

Anatomical areas:

what are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

NAVEL (lateral to medial)

Femoral nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty space, lymphatics

77
Q

Anatomical areas:

What structures are found in the femoral sheath?

A

Femoral artery and vein (this is also where the femoral canal lies - space for hernias)

78
Q

Anatomical areas:

what are the borders of the adductor canal?

A

anteriormedial: sartorius
lateral: vastas medialis
posterior: adductor longus and magnus

79
Q

Anatomical areas:

What structures pass through the adductor canal?

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
nerve to vastas medialis
saphenous nerve (largest cutaneous branch of femoral)

80
Q

Anatomical areas:

What is the adductor hiatus and what passes through it?

A

Gap between the insertion sites of adductor magnus

femoral artery and vein pass through (to become the popliteal vessels)

81
Q

Anatomical areas:

What borders the popliteal fossa?

A

superior:
- medial - semimembranosus
- lateral - biceps femoris

inferior:
medial and lateral: head of gastrocnemius

82
Q

Anatomical areas:

from medial to lateral, what passes through the popliteal fossa?

A

Popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve, common fibular nerve

83
Q

connective tissue:

What is the femoral sheath an extension of?

A

transversalis fascia

84
Q

Anatomical areas:

what ring would a femoral hernia pass through?

A

femoral ring (different to the deep inguinal ring)

85
Q

vasculature:
Where do the superficial epigastric, superficial circumflex iliac, superficial external pudendal and deep external pudendal branch from?

A

femoral artery just distal to the inguinal ligament

86
Q

what nerve can be found in the groove between iliacus and psoas?

A

femoral nerve

87
Q

where can you locate the obturator artery?

A

remove obturator externus and the obturator artery will be revealed
alternatively approach from the pelvis and see it passing through the obturator foramen

88
Q

what nerves and arteries supply adductor magnus?

A

obturator nerve - adductor portion
tibial portion of sciatic nerve - hamstring portion

obturator, deep femoral and femoral artery

89
Q

where can you locate the superior gluteal artery, vein and nerve?

A

between piriformis and gluteus medius

reflect glut medius to see them running over gluteus minimus

90
Q

what does the sciatic nerve run beneath?

A

biceps femoris

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb (13 decks)

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