Abdomen part 2

Question 1

What artery does the superior epigastric artery come off?

Answer 1

Internal thoracic artery

Question 2

Which nerves do the thoracoabdominal nerves come off?

Answer 2

7-11 intercostal nerves

Question 3

What is the course of the iliohypogastric nerve?

Answer 3

Arises from L1, posterior abdominal wall, then upper border of psoas muscle, then runs obliquely to anterior abdominal wall

Question 4

What is the function of the iliohypogastric (L1) nerve?

Answer 4

Sensory and motor supply to the abdominal muscles

Question 5

Where is the arcuate line?

Answer 5

Midway between the pubic symphysis and the umbilicus

Question 6

The umbilicus is located at which vertebral level?

Answer 6

L3/4

Question 7

Where does the rectus sheath end?

Answer 7

At the arcuate line

Question 8

What is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

Answer 8

allantois

Question 9

What is the medial umbilical ligament a remnant of?

Answer 9

Umbilical artery

Question 10

What is the ligamentum teres a remnant of?

Answer 10

Left umbilical vein

Question 11

What does the right umbilical vein become?

Answer 11

Nothing - it disintegrates

Question 12

Which ligament does the ligamentum teres sit in?

Answer 12

Falciform Ligament

Question 13

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

Answer 13

Greater curve of the stomach, transverse colon

Question 14

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

Answer 14

Lesser curve of the stomach, liver

Question 15

Where is the small bowel attached to the abdominal wall?

Answer 15

Obliquely across the posterior wall from duodenajejunal flexure on the left to the right sacroiliac joint

Question 16

What are the four main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

Answer 16

Jejunal and ileal arteries, ileocolic artery, right colic, middle colic artery

Question 17

What does the ileocolic artery supply?

Answer 17

Distal portion of the ilium to 1/3 of the way up the ascending colon

Question 18

What does the right colic artery supply?

Answer 18

The middle of the ascending colon

Question 19

What does the middle colic artery supply?

Answer 19

The transverse and some of the ascending colon

Question 20

What is the difference in blood supply between the jejunum and ileum?

Answer 20

J: longer vasa recta, fewer arcades
I: short vasa recta, many arcades on top of each other

Question 21

What is the hepatic portal vein formed from?

Answer 21

The joining of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

Question 22

At what level does the SMA come off the aorta?

Answer 22

L1

Question 23

At what level does the IMA come off the aorta?

Answer 23

L3

Question 24

What are the branches of the Inferior mesenteric artery?

Answer 24

left colic, sigmoidal, superior rectal, marginal artery

Question 25

What does the left colic artery supply?

Answer 25

some of transverse and descending colon

Question 26

What is the marginal artery of the IMA?

Answer 26

The artery from the left colic that runs alongside and supplies the splenic flexure of the colon and anastamoses with the middle colic

Question 27

What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?

Answer 27

Splenic vein

Question 28

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

Answer 28

Superior (L1), descending (L2), inferior (L3), ascending (L2)

Question 29

Where do the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?

Answer 29

In the 2nd (descending) portion, at the major duodenal papilla

Question 30

What is the minor duodenal papilla?

Answer 30

The opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum

Question 31

Which part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

Answer 31

The first part (superior)

Question 32

Is the duodenum retroperitoneal?

Answer 32

Yes, except the first part

Question 33

Is the small bowel retro or intra peritoneal?

Answer 33

jejunum and ileum are intra (have mesentery), first part of the duodenum is intra, the other 3 parts are retro

Question 34

What are peyer's patches?

Answer 34

lymphatic nodules

Question 35

Where are peyer's patches found?

Answer 35

In the terminal ileum

Question 36

How do the plicae circulares change throughout the small bowel?

Answer 36

J: complete circles, more of them I: Less, not as deep, incomplete circles

Question 37

What are taenia coli?

Answer 37

Three separate longitudinal muscles that lie on the outside of the colon?

Question 38

Where do the taenia coli converge?

Answer 38

At the appendix

Question 39

What artery does the appendicular artery come off?

Answer 39

Ileocaecal artery

Question 40

What features distinguish the large intestine?

Answer 40

taenia coli, haustral folds, epiploic appendages

Question 41

What are the five parts of the stomach?

Answer 41

Cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus

Question 42

What are the three branches of the coeliac trunk?

Answer 42

Left gastric, splenic, common hepatic

Question 43

What arteries come off the left gastric?

Answer 43

Oesophageal branches

Question 44

What arteries come off the splenic artery?

Answer 44

short gastric, splenic branches, left gastroepiploic, posterior gastric, pancreatic branches

Question 45

What arteries come off the common hepatic?

Answer 45

Right gastric, gastroduodenal (duodenal, superior pancreatoduodenal), hepatic artery proper

Question 46

What arteries come off the hepatic artery proper?

Answer 46

L and R hepatic (cystic artery comes of R hepatic)

Question 47

What are the three muscle layers of the stomach?

Answer 47

Longitudinal, circular, oblique

Question 48

What are the folds of the stomach called?

Answer 48

Rugae

Question 49

What are the two internal parts of the spleen?

Answer 49

Red pulp and white pulp

Question 50

What are the five parts of the pancreas?

Answer 50

uncinate process, head, neck, body, tail

Question 51

Where does the blood supply to the pancreas come from?

Answer 51

splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery

Question 52

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

Answer 52

A sphincter that surrounds the bile duct and pancreatic duct but keep both separate

Question 53

What is the Ampulla of Vater?

Answer 53

The major duodenal papilla, opening of common bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum

Question 54

Which gonadal vein drains straight into the IVC?

Answer 54

Right gonadal vein

Question 55

What does the coronal ligament of the liver do?

Answer 55

attaches the liver to the diaphragm, right kidney and adrenal gland

Question 56

What does the falciform ligament do?

Answer 56

Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

Question 57

What are the four lobes of the liver?

Answer 57

Right, left, caudate and quadrate

Question 58

What is the ligamentum venosum?

Answer 58

The remnant of the ductus venosum

Question 59

What did the ductus venosum do?

Answer 59

Shunt blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein, bypassing hepatic circulation

Question 60

What is the porta hepatis?

Answer 60

The part of the liver where all the vessels enter

Question 61

What is in the portal triad?

Answer 61

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct (lymphatics, branch of vagus)

Question 62

What is the blood supply to the liver?

Answer 62

25% hepatic arteries | 75% portal vein

Question 63

What is the cystic duct?

Answer 63

The duct from the gallbladder to the common bile duct

Question 64

What joins to form the common hepatic duct?

Answer 64

The left and right hepatic duct

Question 65

What joins to form the common bile duct?

Answer 65

The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

Question 66

How would you describe the internal appearance of the gallbladder?

Answer 66

Honeycomb

Question 67

What are the valves in the cystic duct called?

Answer 67

Spiral valves

Question 68

Where do the three main hepatic veins drain into?

Answer 68

(right, middle, left) into IVC

Question 69

What are the main filtration cells of the liver called?

Answer 69

Kupffer cells

Question 70

What are the small veins and bile ducts called in the portal triad?

Answer 70

Sinusoids | Bile canaliculi

Question 71

What is the casing around the kidney called?

Answer 71

The renal capsule

Question 72

Where do the kidneys sit in relation to vertebrae?

Answer 72

T12-L3 Right kidney is lower due to liver

Question 73

At what vertebral level do the renal arteries leave the aorta?

Answer 73

L1-L2. Right kidney is lower

Question 74

Where do the gonadal arteries come off?

Answer 74

Left comes of the left renal artery, right comes off the aorta. sometimes both off aorta or other way round.

Question 75

What are the parts of the kidney?

Answer 75

Renal medulla and cortex. Medulla is made of minor and major calyces. renal pelvis, renal columns

Question 76

What are renal columns?

Answer 76

The pieces of tissue in between the renal pyramids

Question 77

What is a renal lobe?

Answer 77

The renal pyramid and its corresponding arteries

Question 78

What are the arteries that supply the renal pyramid?

Answer 78

interlobular arteries and arcuate arteries that loop over the pyramids

Question 79

What level is the sub-costal plane?

Answer 79

L3, 10th costal margin

Question 80

What structures are at the transpyloric plane?

Answer 80

gallbladder, pancreas, pylorus, duodenal-jejunal flexure, spleen hilum, kidney hilum, L1

Question 81

What level is the transpyloric plane?

Answer 81

L1

Question 82

What vertebral level is the xiphoid process?

Answer 82

T7

Question 83

What is the innervation to the external oblique muscles?

Answer 83

T7-T12 intercostal nerves

Question 84

What is the innervation to internal oblique and transversus abdominis?

Answer 84

T7-T12 intercostal nerves, some innervation from iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

Question 85

Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?

Answer 85

The external iliac artery

Question 86

Where is the pyramidalis muscle?

Answer 86

At the inferior pole of the abdominal linea alba. From pubic tubercle to linea alba

Question 87

Which organs are secondary retroperitoneal (had a mesentery but lost it during development)?

Answer 87

Duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colon

Question 88

What are the divisions of the renal artery?

Answer 88

Segmental artery - lobular - interlobular - arcuate

Question 89

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

Answer 89

S3-S4 pelvic splanchnic

Question 90

What is the sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

Answer 90

L1-L2 lumbar splanchnic nerve

Question 91

What is the arterial supply to the adrenal glands?

Answer 91

Superior adrenal arteries- from inferior phrenic artery, Middle adrenal arteries - from aorta, Inferior adrenal arteries -from renal arteries

Question 92

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

Answer 92

Anteriorly: (in the free edge of the lesser omentum): Bile duct to the right, portal vein behind and hepatic artery to the left. Posteriorly: Inferior vena cava Inferiorly: 1st part of the duodenum Superiorly: Caudate process of the liver

Question 93

What are the borders of hesselbach's triangle?

Answer 93

Inferior: inguinal ligament Lateral: Inferior epigastric vessels Medial: Lateral border of rectus sheath

Question 94

What is the path of the thoracic duct?

Answer 94

The thoracic duct lies posterior to the oesophagus and passes to the left at the level of the Angle of Louis. It enters the thorax at T12 together with the aorta.

Question 95

At what level do the common iliac veins form the IVC?

Answer 95

L5

Question 96

At what level does the portal vein begin?

Answer 96

L1

Question 97

The quadrate lobe is functionally part of which lobe of the liver?

Answer 97

The left

Question 98

What are the first arteries to come off the abdominal aorta?

Answer 98

Inferior phrenic arteries

Question 99

What artery is the inferior rectal artery a branch of?

Answer 99

The internal pudendal artery