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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb > Abdomen part 2 > Flashcards

Abdomen part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What artery does the superior epigastric artery come off?

A

Internal thoracic artery

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2
Q

Which nerves do the thoracoabdominal nerves come off?

A

7-11 intercostal nerves

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3
Q

What is the course of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

Arises from L1, posterior abdominal wall, then upper border of psoas muscle, then runs obliquely to anterior abdominal wall

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4
Q

What is the function of the iliohypogastric (L1) nerve?

A

Sensory and motor supply to the abdominal muscles

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5
Q

Where is the arcuate line?

A

Midway between the pubic symphysis and the umbilicus

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6
Q

The umbilicus is located at which vertebral level?

A

L3/4

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7
Q

Where does the rectus sheath end?

A

At the arcuate line

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8
Q

What is the median umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

allantois

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9
Q

What is the medial umbilical ligament a remnant of?

A

Umbilical artery

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10
Q

What is the ligamentum teres a remnant of?

A

Left umbilical vein

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11
Q

What does the right umbilical vein become?

A

Nothing - it disintegrates

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12
Q

Which ligament does the ligamentum teres sit in?

A

Falciform Ligament

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13
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

Greater curve of the stomach, transverse colon

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14
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

Lesser curve of the stomach, liver

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15
Q

Where is the small bowel attached to the abdominal wall?

A

Obliquely across the posterior wall from duodenajejunal flexure on the left to the right sacroiliac joint

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16
Q

What are the four main branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A

Jejunal and ileal arteries, ileocolic artery, right colic, middle colic artery

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17
Q

What does the ileocolic artery supply?

A

Distal portion of the ilium to 1/3 of the way up the ascending colon

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18
Q

What does the right colic artery supply?

A

The middle of the ascending colon

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19
Q

What does the middle colic artery supply?

A

The transverse and some of the ascending colon

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20
Q

What is the difference in blood supply between the jejunum and ileum?

A

J: longer vasa recta, fewer arcades
I: short vasa recta, many arcades on top of each other

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21
Q

What is the hepatic portal vein formed from?

A

The joining of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein

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22
Q

At what level does the SMA come off the aorta?

A

L1

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23
Q

At what level does the IMA come off the aorta?

A

L3

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24
Q

What are the branches of the Inferior mesenteric artery?

A

left colic, sigmoidal, superior rectal, marginal artery

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25
Q

What does the left colic artery supply?

A

some of transverse and descending colon

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26
Q

What is the marginal artery of the IMA?

A

The artery from the left colic that runs alongside and supplies the splenic flexure of the colon and anastamoses with the middle colic

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27
Q

What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?

A

Splenic vein

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28
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

A

Superior (L1), descending (L2), inferior (L3), ascending (L2)

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29
Q

Where do the common bile duct and pancreatic duct enter the duodenum?

A

In the 2nd (descending) portion, at the major duodenal papilla

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30
Q

What is the minor duodenal papilla?

A

The opening of the accessory pancreatic duct into the duodenum

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31
Q

Which part of the duodenum is intraperitoneal?

A

The first part (superior)

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32
Q

Is the duodenum retroperitoneal?

A

Yes, except the first part

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33
Q

Is the small bowel retro or intra peritoneal?

A

jejunum and ileum are intra (have mesentery), first part of the duodenum is intra, the other 3 parts are retro

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34
Q

What are peyer’s patches?

A

lymphatic nodules

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35
Q

Where are peyer’s patches found?

A

In the terminal ileum

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36
Q

How do the plicae circulares change throughout the small bowel?

A

J: complete circles, more of them
I: Less, not as deep, incomplete circles

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37
Q

What are taenia coli?

A

Three separate longitudinal muscles that lie on the outside of the colon?

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38
Q

Where do the taenia coli converge?

A

At the appendix

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39
Q

What artery does the appendicular artery come off?

A

Ileocaecal artery

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40
Q

What features distinguish the large intestine?

A

taenia coli, haustral folds, epiploic appendages

41
Q

What are the five parts of the stomach?

A

Cardia, fundus, body, antrum, pylorus

42
Q

What are the three branches of the coeliac trunk?

A

Left gastric, splenic, common hepatic

43
Q

What arteries come off the left gastric?

A

Oesophageal branches

44
Q

What arteries come off the splenic artery?

A

short gastric, splenic branches, left gastroepiploic, posterior gastric, pancreatic branches

45
Q

What arteries come off the common hepatic?

A

Right gastric, gastroduodenal (duodenal, superior pancreatoduodenal), hepatic artery proper

46
Q

What arteries come off the hepatic artery proper?

A

L and R hepatic (cystic artery comes of R hepatic)

47
Q

What are the three muscle layers of the stomach?

A

Longitudinal, circular, oblique

48
Q

What are the folds of the stomach called?

A

Rugae

49
Q

What are the two internal parts of the spleen?

A

Red pulp and white pulp

50
Q

What are the five parts of the pancreas?

A

uncinate process, head, neck, body, tail

51
Q

Where does the blood supply to the pancreas come from?

A

splenic artery, gastroduodenal artery

52
Q

What is the sphincter of Oddi?

A

A sphincter that surrounds the bile duct and pancreatic duct but keep both separate

53
Q

What is the Ampulla of Vater?

A

The major duodenal papilla, opening of common bile duct and pancreatic duct into the duodenum

54
Q

Which gonadal vein drains straight into the IVC?

A

Right gonadal vein

55
Q

What does the coronal ligament of the liver do?

A

attaches the liver to the diaphragm, right kidney and adrenal gland

56
Q

What does the falciform ligament do?

A

Anchors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm

57
Q

What are the four lobes of the liver?

A

Right, left, caudate and quadrate

58
Q

What is the ligamentum venosum?

A

The remnant of the ductus venosum

59
Q

What did the ductus venosum do?

A

Shunt blood from the left portal vein to the left hepatic vein, bypassing hepatic circulation

60
Q

What is the porta hepatis?

A

The part of the liver where all the vessels enter

61
Q

What is in the portal triad?

A

Portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct (lymphatics, branch of vagus)

62
Q

What is the blood supply to the liver?

A

25% hepatic arteries

75% portal vein

63
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

The duct from the gallbladder to the common bile duct

64
Q

What joins to form the common hepatic duct?

A

The left and right hepatic duct

65
Q

What joins to form the common bile duct?

A

The common hepatic duct and the cystic duct

66
Q

How would you describe the internal appearance of the gallbladder?

A

Honeycomb

67
Q

What are the valves in the cystic duct called?

A

Spiral valves

68
Q

Where do the three main hepatic veins drain into?

A

(right, middle, left) into IVC

69
Q

What are the main filtration cells of the liver called?

A

Kupffer cells

70
Q

What are the small veins and bile ducts called in the portal triad?

A

Sinusoids

Bile canaliculi

71
Q

What is the casing around the kidney called?

A

The renal capsule

72
Q

Where do the kidneys sit in relation to vertebrae?

A

T12-L3 Right kidney is lower due to liver

73
Q

At what vertebral level do the renal arteries leave the aorta?

A

L1-L2. Right kidney is lower

74
Q

Where do the gonadal arteries come off?

A

Left comes of the left renal artery, right comes off the aorta. sometimes both off aorta or other way round.

75
Q

What are the parts of the kidney?

A

Renal medulla and cortex. Medulla is made of minor and major calyces. renal pelvis, renal columns

76
Q

What are renal columns?

A

The pieces of tissue in between the renal pyramids

77
Q

What is a renal lobe?

A

The renal pyramid and its corresponding arteries

78
Q

What are the arteries that supply the renal pyramid?

A

interlobular arteries and arcuate arteries that loop over the pyramids

79
Q

What level is the sub-costal plane?

A

L3, 10th costal margin

80
Q

What structures are at the transpyloric plane?

A

gallbladder, pancreas, pylorus, duodenal-jejunal flexure, spleen hilum, kidney hilum, L1

81
Q

What level is the transpyloric plane?

A

L1

82
Q

What vertebral level is the xiphoid process?

A

T7

83
Q

What is the innervation to the external oblique muscles?

A

T7-T12 intercostal nerves

84
Q

What is the innervation to internal oblique and transversus abdominis?

A

T7-T12 intercostal nerves, some innervation from iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal

85
Q

Where does the inferior epigastric artery arise from?

A

The external iliac artery

86
Q

Where is the pyramidalis muscle?

A

At the inferior pole of the abdominal linea alba. From pubic tubercle to linea alba

87
Q

Which organs are secondary retroperitoneal (had a mesentery but lost it during development)?

A

Duodenum, pancreas, ascending and descending colon

88
Q

What are the divisions of the renal artery?

A

Segmental artery - lobular - interlobular - arcuate

89
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

A

S3-S4 pelvic splanchnic

90
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

A

L1-L2 lumbar splanchnic nerve

91
Q

What is the arterial supply to the adrenal glands?

A

Superior adrenal arteries- from inferior phrenic artery,
Middle adrenal arteries - from aorta,
Inferior adrenal arteries -from renal arteries

92
Q

What are the boundaries of the epiploic foramen?

A

Anteriorly: (in the free edge of the lesser omentum): Bile duct to the right, portal vein behind and hepatic artery to the left.
Posteriorly: Inferior vena cava
Inferiorly: 1st part of the duodenum
Superiorly: Caudate process of the liver

93
Q

What are the borders of hesselbach’s triangle?

A

Inferior: inguinal ligament
Lateral: Inferior epigastric vessels
Medial: Lateral border of rectus sheath

94
Q

What is the path of the thoracic duct?

A

The thoracic duct lies posterior to the oesophagus and passes to the left at the level of the Angle of Louis. It enters the thorax at T12 together with the aorta.

95
Q

At what level do the common iliac veins form the IVC?

A

L5

96
Q

At what level does the portal vein begin?

A

L1

97
Q

The quadrate lobe is functionally part of which lobe of the liver?

A

The left

98
Q

What are the first arteries to come off the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

99
Q

What artery is the inferior rectal artery a branch of?

A

The internal pudendal artery

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb (13 decks)

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