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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb > Intro to anatomy > Flashcards

Intro to anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the fibrous tissue that covers bone and cartilage?

A

Perichondrium/periosteum

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2
Q

Describe the standard anatomical position

A

Standing upright with feet flat on the floor, straight back with head and eyes facing forward, arms by side with hands facing forward, erect penis

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3
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

A vertical dividing line between the right and left of the body

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4
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

A vertical dividing line between the front and back of the body

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5
Q

What is the axial plane?

A

A dividing line horizontally across the body

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6
Q

What does superior mean?

A

Above

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7
Q

What does inferior mean?

A

Below

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8
Q

What does lateral mean?

A

Further from the sagittal plane

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9
Q

What does medial mean?

A

Closer to the sagittal plane

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10
Q

What does superficial mean?

A

Closer to the surface

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11
Q

What does deep mean?

A

Further from the surface

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12
Q

What does proximal mean?

A

Closer to the starting point

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13
Q

What does distal mean?

A

Further from the starting point

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14
Q

What does ipsilateral mean?

A

The same side of the body

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15
Q

What does contralateral mean?

A

The opposite side of the body

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16
Q

What does supine mean?

A

A variation on the anatomical position where the person is flat on their back

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17
Q

What does prone mean?

A

A variation on the anatomical position where the person is lying face-down

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18
Q

What is a joint?

A

A connection between two or more bones

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19
Q

What are the three types of joints? (histological classification)

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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20
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

Where the bones are united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity - the capsule is composed of an outer fibrous layer, an inner serous synovial membrane and synovial fluid

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21
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

The bones united by fibrous tissue - the amount of movement depends on the length of the fibres

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22
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

When the bones are linked by cartilage

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23
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary and secondary

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24
Q

Describe a primary cartilaginous joint

A

The bones are joint by hyaline cartilage only

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25
Q

Describe a secondary cartilaginous joint

A

The bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and then united by fibro-cartilage

26
Q

What are the six types of synovial joint?

A

Plane, hinge, saddle, Condyloid, Ball an socket, pivot

27
Q

Describe a plane joint

A

Articular surfaces are flat, joint capsules are tight, sliding movements in planes of articular surfaces - e.g. acromioclavicular joint

28
Q

Describe a hinge joint

A

Permits flexion and extension only - e.g. elbow joint

29
Q

Describe a saddle joint

A

Articular surfaces are convex and concave, two axes of movement, permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

30
Q

Describe a condyloid joint

A

Similar to saddle joint in two axes but one is usually restricted, permits flexion, extension, abduction. adduction and circumduction

31
Q

Describe a ball and socket joint

A

Spherical and concave articular surfaces, multiple axis of movement, permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation

32
Q

Describe a pivot joint

A

Rotation around a central axis

33
Q

What are the four main ligaments in the knee?

A

Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, fibular collateral ligament, tibial collateral ligament

34
Q

What are the names of the two discs o cartilage in the knee?

A

lateral meniscus and medial meniscus

35
Q

What are the three histological types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

36
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

narrow, tapered rod cells. non-striated, uni-nucleated fibres

37
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Striated, branched, tubular uninucleated fibres

38
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

striated, tubular, multinucleated fibres - voluntary, usually attached to skeleton

39
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A

in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and in the skin

40
Q

What is the origin

A

Where the muscle is attached to

41
Q

What is the insertion

A

The other end where the muscle is attached where there is the most movement

42
Q

Give an example of where a fusiform muscle can be found

A

Biceps Brachii

43
Q

Give an example of where a parallel muscle can be found

A

Rectus abdominis

44
Q

Give an example of where a convergent muscle can be found

A

pectoralis major

45
Q

Give an example of where a unipennate muscle can be found

A

palmar interosseous

46
Q

Give an example of where a bipennate muscle can be found

A

deltoid

47
Q

Give an example of where a circular muscle can be found

A

orbicularis oculi

48
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

a single nerve fibre which is attached to a number of nerve cells

49
Q

What are synergists?

A

Muscles that work together to produce an action

50
Q

what is adduction?

A

Movement towards the midline of the body

51
Q

What is abduction?

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

52
Q

What are antagonists?

A

Muscles that act against the flexors

53
Q

What is flexion?

A

Movement where the joint becomes more bent

54
Q

What is extension?

A

Movement where the joint becomes more straight

55
Q

What is lateral flexion?

A

Swaying side to side

56
Q

What is pronation?

A

rotation of the arms so the palms face downwards

57
Q

What is supination?

A

rotation of the arms so the palms face upwards

58
Q

What is protraction?

A

to move forwards

59
Q

What is retraction?

A

to move backwards

60
Q

What is opposition?

A

Movement of the thumb toward the pinkie finger

61
Q

What is inversion?

A

movement of the foot so the sole faces inwards

62
Q

What is eversion?

A

movement of the foot where the sole faces outwards

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb (13 decks)

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