Intro to anatomy Flashcards
What is the name of the fibrous tissue that covers bone and cartilage?
Perichondrium/periosteum
Describe the standard anatomical position
Standing upright with feet flat on the floor, straight back with head and eyes facing forward, arms by side with hands facing forward, erect penis
What is the sagittal plane?
A vertical dividing line between the right and left of the body
What is the coronal plane?
A vertical dividing line between the front and back of the body
What is the axial plane?
A dividing line horizontally across the body
What does superior mean?
Above
What does inferior mean?
Below
What does lateral mean?
Further from the sagittal plane
What does medial mean?
Closer to the sagittal plane
What does superficial mean?
Closer to the surface
What does deep mean?
Further from the surface
What does proximal mean?
Closer to the starting point
What does distal mean?
Further from the starting point
What does ipsilateral mean?
The same side of the body
What does contralateral mean?
The opposite side of the body
What does supine mean?
A variation on the anatomical position where the person is flat on their back
What does prone mean?
A variation on the anatomical position where the person is lying face-down
What is a joint?
A connection between two or more bones
What are the three types of joints? (histological classification)
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What is a synovial joint?
Where the bones are united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity - the capsule is composed of an outer fibrous layer, an inner serous synovial membrane and synovial fluid
What is a fibrous joint?
The bones united by fibrous tissue - the amount of movement depends on the length of the fibres
What is a cartilaginous joint?
When the bones are linked by cartilage
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Primary and secondary
Describe a primary cartilaginous joint
The bones are joint by hyaline cartilage only
Describe a secondary cartilaginous joint
The bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and then united by fibro-cartilage
What are the six types of synovial joint?
Plane, hinge, saddle, Condyloid, Ball an socket, pivot
Describe a plane joint
Articular surfaces are flat, joint capsules are tight, sliding movements in planes of articular surfaces - e.g. acromioclavicular joint
Describe a hinge joint
Permits flexion and extension only - e.g. elbow joint
Describe a saddle joint
Articular surfaces are convex and concave, two axes of movement, permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Describe a condyloid joint
Similar to saddle joint in two axes but one is usually restricted, permits flexion, extension, abduction. adduction and circumduction
Describe a ball and socket joint
Spherical and concave articular surfaces, multiple axis of movement, permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation
Describe a pivot joint
Rotation around a central axis
What are the four main ligaments in the knee?
Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, fibular collateral ligament, tibial collateral ligament
What are the names of the two discs o cartilage in the knee?
lateral meniscus and medial meniscus
What are the three histological types of muscle?
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Describe smooth muscle
narrow, tapered rod cells. non-striated, uni-nucleated fibres
Describe cardiac muscle
Striated, branched, tubular uninucleated fibres
Describe skeletal muscle
striated, tubular, multinucleated fibres - voluntary, usually attached to skeleton
Where is smooth muscle found?
in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and in the skin
What is the origin
Where the muscle is attached to
What is the insertion
The other end where the muscle is attached where there is the most movement
Give an example of where a fusiform muscle can be found
Biceps Brachii
Give an example of where a parallel muscle can be found
Rectus abdominis
Give an example of where a convergent muscle can be found
pectoralis major
Give an example of where a unipennate muscle can be found
palmar interosseous
Give an example of where a bipennate muscle can be found
deltoid
Give an example of where a circular muscle can be found
orbicularis oculi
What is a motor unit?
a single nerve fibre which is attached to a number of nerve cells
What are synergists?
Muscles that work together to produce an action
what is adduction?
Movement towards the midline of the body
What is abduction?
Movement away from the midline of the body
What are antagonists?
Muscles that act against the flexors
What is flexion?
Movement where the joint becomes more bent
What is extension?
Movement where the joint becomes more straight
What is lateral flexion?
Swaying side to side
What is pronation?
rotation of the arms so the palms face downwards
What is supination?
rotation of the arms so the palms face upwards
What is protraction?
to move forwards
What is retraction?
to move backwards
What is opposition?
Movement of the thumb toward the pinkie finger
What is inversion?
movement of the foot so the sole faces inwards
What is eversion?
movement of the foot where the sole faces outwards
