Intro to anatomy

Question 1

What is the name of the fibrous tissue that covers bone and cartilage?

Answer 1

Perichondrium/periosteum

Question 2

Describe the standard anatomical position

Answer 2

Standing upright with feet flat on the floor, straight back with head and eyes facing forward, arms by side with hands facing forward, erect penis

Question 3

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 3

A vertical dividing line between the right and left of the body

Question 4

What is the coronal plane?

Answer 4

A vertical dividing line between the front and back of the body

Question 5

What is the axial plane?

Answer 5

A dividing line horizontally across the body

Question 6

What does superior mean?

Answer 6

Above

Question 7

What does inferior mean?

Answer 7

Below

Question 8

What does lateral mean?

Answer 8

Further from the sagittal plane

Question 9

What does medial mean?

Answer 9

Closer to the sagittal plane

Question 10

What does superficial mean?

Answer 10

Closer to the surface

Question 11

What does deep mean?

Answer 11

Further from the surface

Question 12

What does proximal mean?

Answer 12

Closer to the starting point

Question 13

What does distal mean?

Answer 13

Further from the starting point

Question 14

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 14

The same side of the body

Question 15

What does contralateral mean?

Answer 15

The opposite side of the body

Question 16

What does supine mean?

Answer 16

A variation on the anatomical position where the person is flat on their back

Question 17

What does prone mean?

Answer 17

A variation on the anatomical position where the person is lying face-down

Question 18

What is a joint?

Answer 18

A connection between two or more bones

Question 19

What are the three types of joints? (histological classification)

Answer 19

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Question 20

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 20

Where the bones are united by a joint capsule enclosing a joint cavity - the capsule is composed of an outer fibrous layer, an inner serous synovial membrane and synovial fluid

Question 21

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 21

The bones united by fibrous tissue - the amount of movement depends on the length of the fibres

Question 22

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 22

When the bones are linked by cartilage

Question 23

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 23

Primary and secondary

Question 24

Describe a primary cartilaginous joint

Answer 24

The bones are joint by hyaline cartilage only

Question 25

Describe a secondary cartilaginous joint

Answer 25

The bones are covered by hyaline cartilage and then united by fibro-cartilage

Question 26

What are the six types of synovial joint?

Answer 26

Plane, hinge, saddle, Condyloid, Ball an socket, pivot

Question 27

Describe a plane joint

Answer 27

Articular surfaces are flat, joint capsules are tight, sliding movements in planes of articular surfaces - e.g. acromioclavicular joint

Question 28

Describe a hinge joint

Answer 28

Permits flexion and extension only - e.g. elbow joint

Question 29

Describe a saddle joint

Answer 29

Articular surfaces are convex and concave, two axes of movement, permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Question 30

Describe a condyloid joint

Answer 30

Similar to saddle joint in two axes but one is usually restricted, permits flexion, extension, abduction. adduction and circumduction

Question 31

Describe a ball and socket joint

Answer 31

Spherical and concave articular surfaces, multiple axis of movement, permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction and rotation

Question 32

Describe a pivot joint

Answer 32

Rotation around a central axis

Question 33

What are the four main ligaments in the knee?

Answer 33

Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament, fibular collateral ligament, tibial collateral ligament

Question 34

What are the names of the two discs o cartilage in the knee?

Answer 34

lateral meniscus and medial meniscus

Question 35

What are the three histological types of muscle?

Answer 35

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

Question 36

Describe smooth muscle

Answer 36

narrow, tapered rod cells. non-striated, uni-nucleated fibres

Question 37

Describe cardiac muscle

Answer 37

Striated, branched, tubular uninucleated fibres

Question 38

Describe skeletal muscle

Answer 38

striated, tubular, multinucleated fibres - voluntary, usually attached to skeleton

Question 39

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 39

in the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and in the skin

Question 40

What is the origin

Answer 40

Where the muscle is attached to

Question 41

What is the insertion

Answer 41

The other end where the muscle is attached where there is the most movement

Question 42

Give an example of where a fusiform muscle can be found

Answer 42

Biceps Brachii

Question 43

Give an example of where a parallel muscle can be found

Answer 43

Rectus abdominis

Question 44

Give an example of where a convergent muscle can be found

Answer 44

pectoralis major

Question 45

Give an example of where a unipennate muscle can be found

Answer 45

palmar interosseous

Question 46

Give an example of where a bipennate muscle can be found

Answer 46

deltoid

Question 47

Give an example of where a circular muscle can be found

Answer 47

orbicularis oculi

Question 48

What is a motor unit?

Answer 48

a single nerve fibre which is attached to a number of nerve cells

Question 49

What are synergists?

Answer 49

Muscles that work together to produce an action

Question 50

what is adduction?

Answer 50

Movement towards the midline of the body

Question 51

What is abduction?

Answer 51

Movement away from the midline of the body

Question 52

What are antagonists?

Answer 52

Muscles that act against the flexors

Question 53

What is flexion?

Answer 53

Movement where the joint becomes more bent

Question 54

What is extension?

Answer 54

Movement where the joint becomes more straight

Question 55

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 55

Swaying side to side

Question 56

What is pronation?

Answer 56

rotation of the arms so the palms face downwards

Question 57

What is supination?

Answer 57

rotation of the arms so the palms face upwards

Question 58

What is protraction?

Answer 58

to move forwards

Question 59

What is retraction?

Answer 59

to move backwards

Question 60

What is opposition?

Answer 60

Movement of the thumb toward the pinkie finger

Question 61

What is inversion?

Answer 61

movement of the foot so the sole faces inwards

Question 62

What is eversion?

Answer 62

movement of the foot where the sole faces outwards