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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs at the sternal angle/T4?

A

Bifurcation of trachea, arch of aorta, Azygous vein into SVC, bifurcation of pulmonary trunk, L recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior border pericardium

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2
Q

Where do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm?

A

At the oesophageal hiatus

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3
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium, attached to diaphragm and great vessels

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4
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

Serous pericardium - split into parietal and visceral layers

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5
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The visceral layer of serous pericardium composed of fat and epithelial tissue

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6
Q

Where does the pericardial fluid come from?

A

The serous pericardium secretes it into the pericardial space

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7
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

The space behind the heart that separates the pulmonary arteries and veins.

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8
Q

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

A space caused by the reflection of visceral peritoneum between where the pulmonary veins exit the heart

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The cardiac muscle layer

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10
Q

Where is the eustachian valve?

A

In between the IVC and the right atrium

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11
Q

Which valves of the heart have chordae tendinae?

A

The atrioventricular valves

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12
Q

What do chordae tendinae attach to?

A

Valve cusps and papillary muscles

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13
Q

What drains into the right atria?

A

IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus, anterior coronary vein

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14
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis?

A

In the intra-atrial septum

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15
Q

Describe the anterior wall of the right atria?

A

ridged with pectinate muscle

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16
Q

Describe the posterior wall of the right atria?

A

Smooth walled

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17
Q

What is the wall of the right ventricle like?

A

Ridged with trabecular carnae

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18
Q

What is the function of trabecular carnae?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood, contributes to the contraction force, prevents currents

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19
Q

How many cusps do the semi-lunar valves have?

A

three

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20
Q

What is the function of the auricular appendages?

A

Expand in times of increased venus return, extra capacity for the heart

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21
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

They come out of the ascending aorta just above the semilunar valve

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22
Q

When do the coronary arteries fill?

A

When the semilunar valve closes - diastole

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23
Q

Are more people left dominant or right dominant?

A

Right - so the posterior descending artery is from the right coronary artery

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24
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Right marginal artery, posterior descending artery in 90%, acute marginal, sino-atrial branch in 60%

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25
Q

What are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

Circumflex artery, left marginal, left anterior descending (diagonal branches)

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26
Q

What arteries supply the SAN?

A

Right coronary artery in 60% of people, Left circumflex artery in 40%

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27
Q

Where does the great cardiac vein run?

A

Alongside the LAD

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28
Q

Where does the small cardiac vein run?

A

Along the inferior border of the heart

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29
Q

Where does the middle cardiac vein run?

A

Alongside the Posterior interventricular artery

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30
Q

What are the venae cordis minimae/Thebesian veins?

A

Veins within the walls of each of the four chambers of the heart that drain blood directly into the corresponding chambers

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31
Q

What are the anterior cardiac veins?

A

Veins that drain blood from the wall of the right ventricle directly into the right atrium

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32
Q

Where is the crista terminalis?

A

On the posterior wall of the right atrium between the SVC and IVC opening

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33
Q

Where is the SAN found?

A

On the border of the SVC and crista terminalis

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34
Q

Sympathetic innervation to the heart comes from which spinal levels?

A

T1-T5

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35
Q

Parasympathetic innervation to the heart comes from which nerve?

A

Vagus

36
Q

Where does the AVN lie in relation to the coronary sinus?

A

Superior to it

37
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

A shunt in foetal circulation from the aorta to the left pulmonary artery

38
Q

What is the ligamentum arteriosum?

A

The remnant of the ductus arteriosus

39
Q

Which veins drain into the SVC?

A

Azygous, left and right brachiocephalic veins

40
Q

Where do the superior intercostal veins drain into?

A

L - into L brachiocephalic vein
R - into azygous vein

41
Q

What are the four divisions of the mediastinum?

A

Superior, anterior, middle, posterior

42
Q

Where is the mediastinum?

A

The space inbetween the lungs

43
Q

What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

Thymus, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct, aortic arch, veins (SVC, brachiocephalic), nerves (vagus, phrenic, L recurrent laryngeal), lymphatics. (Try to eat toast and vitamins now little oliver)

44
Q

What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?

A

Remnants of the thymus, lymph nodes

45
Q

What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?

A

Phrenic nerve, heart, pericardium, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC, pericardiophenic artery

46
Q

What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A

Descending thoracic aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous veins, thoracic duct, oesophagus, vagus nerve, sphlanchnic nerves, lymphatics (on the DATE Vivian Slapped Larry)

47
Q

What do the two brachiocephalic veins join to form?

A

The superior vena cava

48
Q

What are the three branches off the arch of the aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

49
Q

What does the ligamentum arteriosum connect?

A

The arch of the aorta and the left pulmonary artery

50
Q

What are the tracheal rings made from?

A

Fibrocartilage

51
Q

Where does the transverse sinus lie?

A

Under the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

52
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

The right atrium via the SVC and IVC

53
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart?

A

From the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery

54
Q

Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?

A

The left atrium through the pulmonary vein

55
Q

Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart?

A

From the left ventricle through the aorta

56
Q

Which cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium?

A

Anterior cardiac veins

57
Q

Where do all the cardiac veins except the anterior cardiac veins drain into?

A

The coronary sinus

58
Q

Which coronary artery does the sinuatrial nodal branch come off?

A

The right coronary artery in 60%. Left circumflex in 40%.

59
Q

What is the limbus?

A

The tissue surrounding the fossa ovalis

60
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

In the interatrial septum superior to the coronary sinus

61
Q

Where is the SAN located?

A

Between the crista terminalis and SVC in the right atrium

62
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

63
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

64
Q

Where is the septomarginal trabecula?

A

On the interventricular septum

65
Q

What is contained within the septomarginal trabeculae?

A

The bundle of His - the right side

66
Q

What is the conus arteriosus/infundibulum?

A

The outflow tract to the pulmonary artery, in the right ventricle - smooth walled

67
Q

What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?

A

Anterior, posterior, septal

68
Q

What is the equivalent of the trabecular carnae in the right atrium?

A

pectinate muscle

69
Q

where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery

70
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

71
Q

What is the pulmonary sinus?

A

The pockets formed by the 3 cusps of the semilunar pulmonary valve

72
Q

Where does the pulmonary valve sit in relation to the aortic valve?

A

Anterior, superior and to the left of it

73
Q

Describe the walls of the left ventricle?

A

Ridged with trabecular carnae, papillary muscles attaching to chordae tendinae

74
Q

Describe the walls of the left atrium?

A

Smooth walled, except the auricle that contains pectinate muscle, four openings for the pulmonary veins

75
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal arteries come off?

A

The descending aorta

76
Q

Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain into?

A

The azygous and hemi-azygous veins

77
Q

Where do the grey rami lie in relation to the white rami?

A

White is more lateral

78
Q

Which cusps of the aortic valve do the coronary arteries come out of?

A

Right coronary artery comes from right cusp, left from left, none from the posterior cusp

79
Q

What are the cusps of the aortic valve?

A

Left, right, posterior

80
Q

What are the cusps of the pulmonary valve?

A

Left, right, anterior

81
Q

Is there a valve between the SVC and right atrium?

A

No

82
Q

What are the four collateral venous systems?

A

Azygous, internal thoracic, long thoracic venous system with connections to femoral and vertebral veins

83
Q

The thoracic duct travels through the diaphragm with which other structure?

A

Aorta - at T12

84
Q

Where does the middle cardiac vein lie?

A

In the posterior interventricular septum

85
Q

Which cardiac vein travels in the anterior interventricular sulcus?

A

The great cardiac vein

86
Q

Septal papillary muscles are found within which areas of the heart?

A

Only the right ventricle - attached to tricuspid valve

87
Q

What structure is closely associated with the root of the left lung?

A

Left Vagus nerve

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb (13 decks)

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