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Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb > Mediastinum > Flashcards

Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What occurs at the sternal angle/T4?

A

Bifurcation of trachea, arch of aorta, Azygous vein into SVC, bifurcation of pulmonary trunk, L recurrent laryngeal nerve, superior border pericardium

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2
Q

Where do the vagus nerves pass through the diaphragm?

A

At the oesophageal hiatus

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3
Q

What is the outer layer of the pericardium?

A

The fibrous pericardium, attached to diaphragm and great vessels

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4
Q

What is the inner layer of the pericardium?

A

Serous pericardium - split into parietal and visceral layers

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5
Q

What is the epicardium?

A

The visceral layer of serous pericardium composed of fat and epithelial tissue

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6
Q

Where does the pericardial fluid come from?

A

The serous pericardium secretes it into the pericardial space

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7
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

The space behind the heart that separates the pulmonary arteries and veins.

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8
Q

What is the oblique pericardial sinus?

A

A space caused by the reflection of visceral peritoneum between where the pulmonary veins exit the heart

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9
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

The cardiac muscle layer

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10
Q

Where is the eustachian valve?

A

In between the IVC and the right atrium

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11
Q

Which valves of the heart have chordae tendinae?

A

The atrioventricular valves

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12
Q

What do chordae tendinae attach to?

A

Valve cusps and papillary muscles

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13
Q

What drains into the right atria?

A

IVC, SVC, Coronary sinus, anterior coronary vein

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14
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis?

A

In the intra-atrial septum

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15
Q

Describe the anterior wall of the right atria?

A

ridged with pectinate muscle

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16
Q

Describe the posterior wall of the right atria?

A

Smooth walled

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17
Q

What is the wall of the right ventricle like?

A

Ridged with trabecular carnae

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18
Q

What is the function of trabecular carnae?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood, contributes to the contraction force, prevents currents

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19
Q

How many cusps do the semi-lunar valves have?

A

three

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20
Q

What is the function of the auricular appendages?

A

Expand in times of increased venus return, extra capacity for the heart

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21
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

They come out of the ascending aorta just above the semilunar valve

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22
Q

When do the coronary arteries fill?

A

When the semilunar valve closes - diastole

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23
Q

Are more people left dominant or right dominant?

A

Right - so the posterior descending artery is from the right coronary artery

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24
Q

What are the branches of the right coronary artery?

A

Right marginal artery, posterior descending artery in 90%, acute marginal, sino-atrial branch in 60%

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25
What are the branches of the left coronary artery?
Circumflex artery, left marginal, left anterior descending (diagonal branches)
26
What arteries supply the SAN?
Right coronary artery in 60% of people, Left circumflex artery in 40%
27
Where does the great cardiac vein run?
Alongside the LAD
28
Where does the small cardiac vein run?
Along the inferior border of the heart
29
Where does the middle cardiac vein run?
Alongside the Posterior interventricular artery
30
What are the venae cordis minimae/Thebesian veins?
Veins within the walls of each of the four chambers of the heart that drain blood directly into the corresponding chambers
31
What are the anterior cardiac veins?
Veins that drain blood from the wall of the right ventricle directly into the right atrium
32
Where is the crista terminalis?
On the posterior wall of the right atrium between the SVC and IVC opening
33
Where is the SAN found?
On the border of the SVC and crista terminalis
34
Sympathetic innervation to the heart comes from which spinal levels?
T1-T5
35
Parasympathetic innervation to the heart comes from which nerve?
Vagus
36
Where does the AVN lie in relation to the coronary sinus?
Superior to it
37
What is the ductus arteriosus?
A shunt in foetal circulation from the aorta to the left pulmonary artery
38
What is the ligamentum arteriosum?
The remnant of the ductus arteriosus
39
Which veins drain into the SVC?
Azygous, left and right brachiocephalic veins
40
Where do the superior intercostal veins drain into?
L - into L brachiocephalic vein R - into azygous vein
41
What are the four divisions of the mediastinum?
Superior, anterior, middle, posterior
42
Where is the mediastinum?
The space inbetween the lungs
43
What are the contents of the superior mediastinum?
Thymus, trachea, oesophagus, thoracic duct, aortic arch, veins (SVC, brachiocephalic), nerves (vagus, phrenic, L recurrent laryngeal), lymphatics. (Try to eat toast and vitamins now little oliver)
44
What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?
Remnants of the thymus, lymph nodes
45
What are the contents of the middle mediastinum?
Phrenic nerve, heart, pericardium, ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, SVC, pericardiophenic artery
46
What are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?
Descending thoracic aorta, azygous vein, hemiazygous veins, thoracic duct, oesophagus, vagus nerve, sphlanchnic nerves, lymphatics (on the DATE Vivian Slapped Larry)
47
What do the two brachiocephalic veins join to form?
The superior vena cava
48
What are the three branches off the arch of the aorta?
Brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
49
What does the ligamentum arteriosum connect?
The arch of the aorta and the left pulmonary artery
50
What are the tracheal rings made from?
Fibrocartilage
51
Where does the transverse sinus lie?
Under the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
52
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?
The right atrium via the SVC and IVC
53
Where does deoxygenated blood leave the heart?
From the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery
54
Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart?
The left atrium through the pulmonary vein
55
Where does oxygenated blood leave the heart?
From the left ventricle through the aorta
56
Which cardiac veins drain directly into the right atrium?
Anterior cardiac veins
57
Where do all the cardiac veins except the anterior cardiac veins drain into?
The coronary sinus
58
Which coronary artery does the sinuatrial nodal branch come off?
The right coronary artery in 60%. Left circumflex in 40%.
59
What is the limbus?
The tissue surrounding the fossa ovalis
60
Where is the AV node located?
In the interatrial septum superior to the coronary sinus
61
Where is the SAN located?
Between the crista terminalis and SVC in the right atrium
62
Where is the tricuspid valve?
Between the right atrium and right ventricle
63
Where is the mitral valve?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
64
Where is the septomarginal trabecula?
On the interventricular septum
65
What is contained within the septomarginal trabeculae?
The bundle of His - the right side
66
What is the conus arteriosus/infundibulum?
The outflow tract to the pulmonary artery, in the right ventricle - smooth walled
67
What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?
Anterior, posterior, septal
68
What is the equivalent of the trabecular carnae in the right atrium?
pectinate muscle
69
where is the pulmonary valve?
Between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
70
Where is the aortic valve?
Between the left ventricle and the aorta
71
What is the pulmonary sinus?
The pockets formed by the 3 cusps of the semilunar pulmonary valve
72
Where does the pulmonary valve sit in relation to the aortic valve?
Anterior, superior and to the left of it
73
Describe the walls of the left ventricle?
Ridged with trabecular carnae, papillary muscles attaching to chordae tendinae
74
Describe the walls of the left atrium?
Smooth walled, except the auricle that contains pectinate muscle, four openings for the pulmonary veins
75
Where do the posterior intercostal arteries come off?
The descending aorta
76
Where do the posterior intercostal veins drain into?
The azygous and hemi-azygous veins
77
Where do the grey rami lie in relation to the white rami?
White is more lateral
78
Which cusps of the aortic valve do the coronary arteries come out of?
Right coronary artery comes from right cusp, left from left, none from the posterior cusp
79
What are the cusps of the aortic valve?
Left, right, posterior
80
What are the cusps of the pulmonary valve?
Left, right, anterior
81
Is there a valve between the SVC and right atrium?
No
82
What are the four collateral venous systems?
Azygous, internal thoracic, long thoracic venous system with connections to femoral and vertebral veins
83
The thoracic duct travels through the diaphragm with which other structure?
Aorta - at T12
84
Where does the middle cardiac vein lie?
In the posterior interventricular septum
85
Which cardiac vein travels in the anterior interventricular sulcus?
The great cardiac vein
86
Septal papillary muscles are found within which areas of the heart?
Only the right ventricle - attached to tricuspid valve
87
What structure is closely associated with the root of the left lung?
Left Vagus nerve

Human Anatomy MSc Sheffield - trunk and limb (13 decks)

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