Back Flashcards
What is the socket of the shoulder joint called?
The glenoid fossa
Where is the superior nuchal line?
A ridge running transversely along the occiput
What are the origins of trapezius?
External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, spinous processes and supraspinous ligaments of C1-T12
What are the insertions of trapezius?
Lateral 1/3rd of the clavicle, superior crest of spine of scapula, medial aspect of scapula
What is the innervation to the trapezius muscle?
Accessory nerve (CNXI) Sensory C3-4
What are the three parts of the trapezius muscle?
Descending, transverse and ascending part
What are the actions of the trapezius muscle?
Medial movement of the scapula, (Descending part also does extension of neck, ipsilateral lateral flexion and contralateral rotation)
Which arteries supply trapezius?
D: Occipital artery
T: Transverse cervical artery
A: Dorsal scapula artery
What is the dorsal scapula artery a branch of?
The transverse cervical artery
What does the dorsal scapula artery supply?
Levator scapulae, latissimus dorsi, trapezius and rhomboid muscles (superficial back muscles)
What are the four parts of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
Vertebral, iliac, costal and scapular part
What are the origins of latissimus dorsi?
Spinous processes of T7-T12, posterior 1/3rd of the crest of ilium, ribs 9-12, inferior angle of the scapula
What is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?
Floor of Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus, between pec major and teres major (lady between two majors)
What is the innervation to latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
What is the blood supply to latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal artery mainly
What are the actions of latissimus dorsi?
Arm internal rotation, adduction, extension, assists in respiration
What are the attachments of
the thoracolumbar fascia?
nuchal ligament, spinous processes, median crest of the sacrum
Which muscles attach onto the thoracolumbar fascia?
Trapezius, latissimus dorsi, gluteus maximus, hamstrings
What are the attachments of rhomboid minor?
O: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T1
I: Medial end of spine of scapula
What are the attachments of rhomboid major?
O: Spinous processes of T2-T5
I: Medial border of scapula
What is the action of the rhomboids?
Draws scapula superomedially
What is the innervation to the rhomboids?
Dorsal scapula nerve (C4-5)
What are the attachments of levator scapulae?
O: Transverse processes of C1-4
I: Medial border of the scapula
What are the actions of levator scapulae?
Draws scapula superomedially, ipsilateral lateral flexion of the neck, extension of the neck
What is the innervation to levator scapulae?
Dorsal scapular nerve
What are the superficial muscles of the back?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids and levator scapulae
What are the intermediate muscles of the back?
Serratus posterior superior, and serratus posterior inferior
What are the attachments of serratus posterior superior?
O: Nuchal ligament, spinous processes of C7-T3
I: Superior border of ribs 2-5
What are the attachments of serratus posterior inferior?
O: Spinous processes of T11-L2
I: Inferior borders of ribs 9-12
What is the action of serratus posterior superior?
Elevates ribs
What is the action of serratus posterior inferior?
Depresses ribs
What are the deep muscles of the back?
Splenius, erector spinae (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis), semispinalis, multifidus
What are the attachments of splenius capitis?
O: spinous processes of C7-T3
I: Lateral superior nuchal line of occipital bone, mastoid process
What is the action of splenius capitis?
Neck extension
Ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation of the head
What are the attachments of splenius cervicis?
O: spinous processes of T3-6 vertebrae
I: Transverse processes of C1-3 vertebrae
What are the actions of splenius cervicis?
Neck extension
Ipsilateral lateral flexion and rotation of the head
What are the three erector spinae muscles? (Medial to lateral)
Spinalis, longissimus and iliocostalis
What is the function of the erector spinae muscles?
Bilateral contraction extends the spine, unilateral contraction does ipsilateral lateral flexion
What are the three divisions of the spinalis muscle?
Capitis, colli and thoracis
What are the three divisions of the longissimus muscle?
Capitis, Colli, Thoracis
What are the three divisions of the iliocostalis muscle?
Colli, thoracis, lumborum
What are the attachments of semispinalis capitis?
O: Articular processes of C4-7, transverse processes of T1-6
I: Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone
What are the actions of the semispinalis muscles?
Neck and spine extension,
Ipsilateral lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
What are the attachments of semispinalis cervicis?
O: Transverse processes T1-6
I: Spinous processes C2-5
What are the attachments of semispinalis thoracis?
Transverse processes: T6-10
I: Spinous processes C6-T4
What are the attachments of the multifidus muscles?
From the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae 2-5 levels above
What are the three parts of the deltoid muscle?
Clavicular (anterior)
Acromial (middle)
Spinal (posterior)
What are the origins of the deltoid?
‘Deltoid helps you carry SACs)
S: Spine of scapula
A: Acromion
C: Lateral 1/3rd Clavicle
What is the insertion of the deltoid?
Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
Which nerve innervates the deltoid muscle?
Axillary nerve (C5,6)
What are the actions of deltoid?
Clavicular: flexion, int rotation
Acromial: abduction
Spinal: Extension, ext rotation
Which part of the abduction arc does deltoid contribute to?
Abduction beyond the first 15 degrees
What are the spinal roots of the axillary nerve?
C5,6
What muscles does the axillary nerve innervate?
Teres minor and deltoid muscles
Where is the quadrangular space?
Between humerus, teres major, teres minor and long head of biceps brachii
What important structures pass through the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humoral artery and vein
Where are the circumflex humeral arteries?
They come off the axillary artery at the axilla and go around the surgical neck of the humerus
What are the 4 rotator cuff muscles?
Teres minor, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis
Which artery does the subscapular artery come off?
The axillary artery at the axilla
Which muscles does the subscapular nerve innervate?
Subscapularis and teres major
What are the attachments of supraspinatus?
O: Supraspinatus fossa of scapula
I: Superior fossa of greater tubercle of humerus
What is the action of supraspinatus?
Abduction, stabilization of glenohumoral joint
What is the innervation to supraspinatus?
The suprascapular nerve (C5,6)
Suprascapular artery provides blood supply
What are the attachments of infraspinatus?
O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
I: Middle fossa of greater tubercle of humerus
What are the actions of infraspinatus?
External rotation, stabilization of glenohumoral joint
What is the innervation to infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve (C5,6)
What are the attachments of teres minor?
O: Lateral border of scapula?
I: inferior fossa of greater tubercle of humerus
What are the actions of teres minor?
External rotation, adduction, stabilization of glenohumoral joint
What is the innervation to teres minor?
Axillary nerve (C5,6)
What are the attachments of subscapularis?
O: Subscapular fossa of scapula
I: Lesser tubercle of humerus
What is the innervation to subscapularis?
Subscapular nerves (C5,6)
What are the actions of subscapularis?
Internal rotation
Stabilisation of glenohumoral joint
What are the attachments of teres major?
O: Inferior angle of scapula
I: Medial lip of Intertubecular sulcus of humerus
What is the innervation to teres major?
Lower subscapular nerve
What are the actions of teres major?
Extension and internal rotation of the humerus
Where does the suprascapular nerve sit?
Deep to infraspinatus
What is the innervation to serratus posterior superior?
Intercostal nerves 2-5
What is the innervation to serratus posterior inferior?
Intercostal nerves 9-12
What is the vertebrae prominens?
The spinous process of C7 - a palpable prominence in the back at the bottom of the neck
What is the nuchal ligament?
A fibrous band from external occipital protuberance to C7, an attachment site for muscles
What muscle attaches to the spine of scapula?
Deltoid, posterior head
Which muscle lies deep to subscapularis?
Serratus anterior
Which muscle initiates shoulder abduction?
Supraspinatus
Which structure separates the intervertebral disks from the spinal cord?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Which structures pass through the quadrangular space?
Axillary nerve, posterior circumflex humeral artery
Which muscle initiates shoulder abduction?
Supraspinatus
Which fibres attach periosteum to bone?
Sharpeys fibres
Which ligament runs between the posterior of the spinous processes?
supraspinal ligament
Which two spinous ligaments lie closest to the spinal cord?
The anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments - run either side of the vertebral bodies
Where is the ligamentum flavum?
Between the lamina of adjacent vertebrae
What are the layers of anatomical structures which the needle passes in order to reach cerebrospinal fluid?
Skin, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, epidural space, subdural space, subarachnoid space
Mammilary processes are found in which vertebra?
Lumbar
What level does the adult spinal cord end?
L1-L2
Which ligament connects the lamina of adjacent vertebrae?
Ligamentum flavum
