Pediatrics MOST COMMON Flashcards
The most commonly used standards of Skeletal Maturation
Gruelich and Pyle
The most common skin disorder of infancy
Diaper Dermatitis
Psychosomatic illness – The most common conversion symptom.
Pseudoseizures
Most common cause of daytime enuresis in the preschool child
Waiting until the last minute to void urine (micturation deferral)
Anxiety Disorders – Obsessive-compulsive disorder:
Handwashing, continual checking of locks, and touching.
The most common compulsions are suicide and attempted suicide
Among preadolescents, jumping from heights is the most common method, followed by self-poisoning, hanging, stabbing and running into traffic.
The most common and most comprehensively studied of the learning disabilities
Dyslexia
The most common cause of underweight in infancy and may account for > ½ of the cases of FTT.
Nutritional neglect
The most common manifestation of child abuse and may be found on any body surface.
Bruises
The most common cause of death from physical abuse is
Head Trauma
The most common error in administering parenteral fluid during and after surgery
Excessive administration , particularly of dextrose in water, rather than use of isotonic solutions
The most common disorder of parathyroid function is transient physiologic hypoparathyroidism of the newborn infant, sometimes referred to as neonatal hypocalcemia.
Tetany
The most common cause of death during childhood beyond the first few months of life and represent one of the most important
causes of preventable pediatric morbidity and mortality
Injuries
This is the most common form of generalized albinism
OCA2 (Tyrosinase-Positive Albinism)
This is the most common inborn error of methionine metabolism
Homocytinuria due to cystathionine synthase deficiency (Homocystinuria Type I, Classic Homocystinuria)
This is the most common form of Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH)
Nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) : Neonatal NKH
This is probably the most common of all urea cycle disorders.
Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
The most common presentation is an acute attack of life-threatening coma and hypoglycemia induced by a period of fasting
Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid oxidation
The most common of the fatty acid oxidation disorders.
Medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCAD)
The most common inherited form of low HDL
Primary or familial hypoalphalipoproteinemia
Glycogen Storage Diseases: is the most common in adults
Myophosphorylase deficiency (type V, McArdle disease)
The most common genetic porphyria
Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)
The most common cause of persistent hypoglycemia
Hyperinsulinism
This is the most common form of childhood hypoglycemia
Ketotic Hypoglycemia
The most common symptoms of Intracranial-Intraventricular hemorrhage
Diminished or absent Moro reflex, poor muscle tone, lethargy, and somnolence.
The most common and important emergency related to newborn infants in the delivery room
Failure to initiate and maintain respirations
The most common elective surgical procedure performed on newborn boys in the United States
Circumscision
The most common bacterial causes of neonatal meningitis are
Grp B Beta hemolytic strep, E. Coli and L. monocytogenes
Injectible progestin (Depo-Provera, DMPA): The most common side effect of DMPA is
Menstrual disturbance, either amenorrhea or abnormal vaginal bleeding
Emergency Contraception: The most commonly used form in the United States
Yuzpe method
Yuzpe Method
Consisting of combination pills totaling 200ug of “Ethinylestradiol” and 2.0 mg of “Norgestrel” or 1.0 mg “Levonorgestrel”
The most common side effect of Yuzpe Method
nausea (50%) and vomiting
The most common B-cell defect
Selective IgA deficiency
The most common form of Severe Combined Immuno Deficiency (SCID) in the United States
X-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (XSCID)
The most common malignancy of childhood, and approximately 70% of cases cured by conventional chemotherapy
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
The most common extracranial solid tumor in children
Neuroblastoma
It is the most common cause of non-thrombocytopenic purpura in children
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
Anaphylactoid Purpura
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
It is a vasculitis of small vessels
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
The most common (commonest) cause of traveler’s diarrhea
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
The most common bacterial cause of nosocomial diarrhea
Clostridium difficile
The most common cause of death among children with sickle cell anemia
Infection
Viral Meningoencephalitis:
The most common arbovirus responsible for CNS infection in the United States are
St. Louis and California enceph virus
Eosinophilic Meningitis:
The most common cause of worldwide eosinophilic pleocytosis is
CNS infection with helminthic parasites
The most common cause is human infection with the rat lungworm
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
The most common cause of viral pneumonia, especially during infancy
RSV
The most common parasitic cause of diarrhea in the United States
Giardia lamblia
The most common hepatotropic virus that infects neonates, usually results in an asymptomatic infection.
HBV
In Osteomyelitis, is the most common infecting organism in all age groups, including newborns
Staphylococcus aureus
The most commonly acquired disorder resulting from a predominanatly T-lymphocyte defect
AIDS
Infections with primary phagocyte-neutrophil defects:
In Chédiak-Higashi syndrome, recurrent infection of the respiratory tract and skin are the most common sites of involvement. What is the most frequent cause of these infections.
Staphylococcus aureus
The most common cause of pyogenic infection of the skin
Staphylococcus aureus
The most common form of rat-bite fever in the United States is caused by
Streptobacillus moniliformis
The most common pathogen associated with CSF shunt meningitis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
The most common pathogen producing peritonitis in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
The most frequent bacterial cause of bacteremia, pneumonia, and otitis media and the secondmost common cause of meningitis in infants and children
Streptococcus pneumoniae
The most common cause of meningitis in adults
Streptococcus pneumoniae
The most common form of skin infection due to group A β-hemolytic streptococci is
Superficial pyoderma (impetigo)
The most common eye infection in childhood
Conjunctivitis
The most common serotype causing Salmonella bacteremia in the United States
Salmonella typhimurium
Enteric Fever:
The most common mode of transmission
Ingestion of foods or water contaminated with human feces
The most common form of epidemic dysentery
Shigella
The most common shigatoxin-producing E.coli(STEC) serotypes are
E.coli 0157:H7
Disease is usually manifested in younger children as an acute enteritis
Yersinia enterocolitica
The most common presentation of Bartonellainfection is Cat-Scratch Disease (CSD), a subacute, regional lymphadenitis caused by
Bartonella hensale
The most common atypical presentation, noted in 2-17% of patients, is
Parinaud’s occuloglandular syndrome
Clinical presentation:
- unilateral
- conjunctivitis
- preauricular lymphadenopathy
Parinaud’s occuloglandular syndrome
A postanginal sepsis, is a suppurative infection of the lateral pharyngeal space and septic thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein leading to septic embolization to the lungs and CNS.
Lemierre’s syndrome
The most commonly involved organism
Fusobacterium necrophorum
The most common infection in children is infection associated with appendicitis
Bacteroides fragilis
The most common form of cardiac tuberculosis
Pericarditis
This form of disease is most common in infants and malnourished or immunosuppressed patients
Miliary tuberculosis
The most common signs and symptoms of TB of the Middle Ear
Painless unilateral otorrhea, tinnitus, decreased hearing, facial paralyis
The most common of the nonvenerealspirochetal diseases.
Yaws (caused by Treponema pertenue)
The most common vector-borne disease in the United States.
Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme Disease)
Most common etiologic agent worldwide and is the predominant pathogenic fungal infection among individuals infected with HIV.
Cryptococcus neoformans
The most common form of cryptococcosis
Pneumonia
The most common predisposing factor for disseminated cryptococcosis
HIV Infection
The most common clinical manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis
Subacute or chronic meningitis
The most common manifestation of Congenital Rubella
Intrauterine Growth Retardation
It has been most frequently implicated in pericarditis and myocarditis
Group B Coxsackie viruses
The most common causative agent Coxsackieviruses B5
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The most common manifestation of parvovirus B19 is
Erythema infectiosum
Fifth disease
Erythema infectiosum
3 malignancies occurring primarily in adults with AIDS are associated with HHV8:
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman disease and primary effusion lymphoma.
The most common neoplasm associated with AIDS (adults)
Kaposi sarcoma
The most common cause of the “common cold” in adults
Rhinovirus
The most common opportunistic infection
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
The most common manifestation of renal disease, with edema, hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, and azotemia with normal blood pressure.
Nephrotic syndrome
The most common parasitic cause of CNS disease, known as neurocysticercosis
Cysticercosis
The most common site for obstruction and symptoms
4th Ventricle
The most common occlusal discrepancy with approximately 45% of the population exhibiting some degree of this condition
Malocclusion: Class II occlusion (receding chin/ retrognathia)
The most commonly ingested object, especially in children younger than 5 yr
Coins
The most common cause of non-bilous vomiting
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Most common with obstruction occurring distal to the ampulla of Vater in the majority of patients
Membranous form of (duodenal) atresia
The most common type of malrotation involves
Failure of the cecum to move into the right lower quadrant
The most frequent congenital GI anomaly, occurring in 2-3% of all infants
Meckel diverticulum
The most common cause of lower intestinal obstruction in neonates
Hirschsprung Disease
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon
Hirschsprung Disease
The most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 mos. and 6 yr. of age
Intussusception
The most common condition requiring emergency abdominal operation in childhood.
Acute Appendicitis
The most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract in children
Lymphoma
The most common inguinal hernia in children is
Indirect inguinal hernia
The most common pancreatic disorder in children
Acute pancreatitis
The most common syndrome incorporating intrahepatic bile duct paucity.
Neonatal Cholestasis: Alagille syndrome (arteriohepatic dysplasia)
Neonatal Cholestasis: (arteriohepatic dysplasia)
Alagille syndrome
This is the most common congenital anomaly of the nose
Choanal atresia
The most common location for bleeding/epistaxis is in the area of
Kiesselbach’s plexus
In children, the most common anatomic factor associated with obstruction is
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
The most common congenital laryngeal anomaly.
Laryngomalacia
The most common form of acute upper airway obstruction, is caused primarily by viruses
Croup
The most common cause is neonatal endotracheal intubation
Chronic Subglottic Stenosis
Most common obstruction occurring distal to the ampulla of Vater in the majority of patients
Membranous form of (duodenal) atresia
The most common type of malrotation involves
Failure of the cecum to move into the right lower quadrant
The most frequent congenital GI anomaly, occurring in 2-3% of all infants
Meckel diverticulum
The most common cause of lower intestinal obstruction in neonates
Hirschsprung Disease
Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon
Hirschsprung Disease
The most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 3 mos. and 6 yr. of age
Intussusception
The most common condition requiring emergency abdominal operation in childhood
Acute Appendicitis
The most common malignancy of the gastrointestinal tract in children
Lymphoma
The most common inguinal hernia in children is
Indirect Inguinal Hernia
The most common pancreatic disorder in children
Acute Pancreatitis
In children, the most common anatomic factor associated with obstruction is
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
The most common tumor of the larynx in childhood; it rarely becomes malignant and often disappear after puberty
Papilloma
The most common form of ASD and is associated with structurally normal atrioventricular (AV) valves
Ostium Secundum Defect
The most common cardiac malformation, accounting for 25% of congenital heart disease
Ventricular Septal Defect
The most common benign cardiac tumors in children are
Myxomas
The most common hematologic disease of infancy and childhood
Iron deficiency Anemia
The most common cause of aplastic crises
Parvovirus B19
The most common familial and congenital abnormality of the red blood cell (RBC) membrane
Hereditary Spherocytosis
The most common glycolytic enzyme defect as a cause of hemolytic anemia
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency
The most common acquired cause of a bleeding diathesis in children
Thrombocytopenia
The most common hereditary bleeding disorder
Von Willebrand disease
The most common genetic cause of osteoporosis, is a generalized disorder of connective tissue caused by defects in type I collagen
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
Brittle bone disease
Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)
The most common cause of postneonatal infant mortality in developed countries
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
The most common cause of chronic lateral knee pain
Iliotibial band tendinitis
The most common elbow dislocation is
Posterior dislocation
The most common adolescent hip disorder
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Avulsion fractures: The most common areas affected
Knee (Osgood-Schlatter and Sindig-Larsen-Johannsen disease)
Ankle (Sever disease),
Medial epicondyle (Little league elbow).
The most commonly recognized cutaneous marker of tuberous sclerosis.
Adenoma sebaceum
Otitis Externa: External otitis (swimmer’s ear) is most commonly caused by
Pseudomonas aueroginosa
The most common primary malignant intraocular tumor of childhood
Retinoblastoma
The most common disorder of the lacrimal system
Dacryostenosis: Congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction
The most common genetically determined neuropathy
Peroneal Muscular Atrophy (Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease; HMSN Type I)
The most common hereditary neuromuscular disease affecting all races and ethnic group
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
The most common type of neuronal ceroidlipofuscinoses
late infantile type (Jansky-Bielschowsky)
The most common acquired chorea of childhood and is the sole neurologic manifestation of rheumatic fever
Sydenham chorea
The most common cause of acquired hypothyroidism is
Lymphocytic thyroiditis
The most common foreign body identified in the vagina
Wadded toilet paper
The most common cause of testicular pain in boys 12 yr
Testicular (spermatic cord) Torsion
The most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma
Rhabdomyosarcoma
The most common solid tumor of children outside of the CNS
Neuroblastoma (NB)
