Pathology - Cellular Response Flashcards by Mareu Ladera

Physiologic hypertrophy

Athletes

Pregnant uterus

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Pathologic hypertrophy

Hypertension

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Constitute an increase in the NUMBER of cells in an organ or tissue resulting into increased volume size

Hyperplasia

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SHRINKAGE in the size of the cell by loss of cell substance

Atrophy

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Causes of Atrophy

Decreased workload
Diminished blood supply
Inadequate nutrition
Aging
Loss of endocrine stimulation

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Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

Metaplasia

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Example of metaplasia from squamous to columnar

Barrett’s esophagus

Cervix

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DISORGANIZED cellular architecture

Dysplasia

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Most common cause of injury

Hypoxia

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Major cause of hypoxia

Ischemia
Cardiopulmonary failure
Decrease O2 carrying capacity of blood

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Example of ischemia

Atherosclerosis

Thrombosis

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Due to cell membrane injury

Phospholipids

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Due to DNA damage

Endonucleases

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Programmed cell death

Apoptosis

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Pro-apoptotic

Bax
Bad
Bak

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Anti-apoptotic

Bcl-2

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Morphologic change that follow cell death in living tissue

Necrosis

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Initiate cell death

Caspases

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Caspases is initiated by

Cytochrome C

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IRREVERSIBLE condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis

Pyknosis or Karyopyknosis

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FRAGMENTATION of the nucleus

Karyorrhexis

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DISINTEGRATION and DISSOLUTION of a cell nucleus when a cell dies

Karyolysis

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A kind of necrosis most common in solid organs

Coagulative necrosis

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Preserve architecture

Coagulative necrosis

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GHOST CELLS

Coagulative necrosis

Most common cause of coagulative necrosis

Ischemia

Due to digestion of enzymes

Liquefactive necrosis

Example of Liquefactive necrosis

Acute Cerebral Infarct

Cheese like appearance

Caseation necrosis

Lysed cells surrounded by inflammatory cells

Caseation necrosis

Example of Caseation necrosis

TB granuloma

Enzyme involve in fat necrosis

Lipase | Digest fat within the area

Fat + Calcium

Saponification

Most common location of fibrinoid necrosis

Arteries

Main protein in blood clot

Fibrin

Lack of O2 and blood supply Overlying bacterial infection Death of tissue

Wet gangrene

Accumulation of Carbon pigments from breathing dirty air that deposited in the lungs

Anthracotic pigment | Microscopic Anthracotic Pigment MAP

Most common cause of fatty change in adults

Alcohol

Major organ in fat metabolism

Liver

Strawberry gallbladder cause by

Cholesterol esters

Neurofibrillary tangles | Amyloid plaques

Alzheimer's Disease

Russel bodies

Multiple myeloma

Denaturation of protein result to pink and glassy appearance

Hyaline change

Deficiency in Glucocerebrosidase

Gaucher's Disease

Crumpled paper or tissue appearance

Gaucher Cells

Erlenmeyer flask in ng bones (femur)

Gaucher's disease

Deficiency in Hexosamidase A

Tay-sach's Disease

Hexosamidase A accumulation of

Gangliosides

Cherry Red Spot in Macula

Tay-sach's Disease

Deficient in Sphingomyelinase

Niemann-Pick Disease

Foam Cells

Niemann-Pick Disease

Increase in the SIZE of cells resulting to increase in the size of the organ tissue

Hypertrophy

Wear and tear pigment seen in aging and malnutrition

Lipofuscin

No organ damage

Hemosiderosis

With organ damage

Hemochromatosis

Bronze diabetes

Hemochromatosis

Green-brown to black pigment

Bilirubin

Hgb derived but WITHOUT iron content

Bilirubin

Major bile pigment

Bilirubin

Malarial pigment

Hematin ( Hemozoin )

Maurers Dots

P. Falciparum

Zieman's Dot

P. Malariae

James Dots

P. ovale

Schuffner's Dot

P. vivax

Kayser-Flescher Rings

Wilson's Disease

Hepatolenticular degeneration due to decrease levels of CERULOPLASMIN

Wilson's Disease

Conditions with PSaMMoma bodies / Asbestos bodies

Papillary thyroid Serous ovarian carcinoma Meningioma Mesothelioma

Calcium deposits in non-viable or dying tissue | Normal serum calcium

Dystrophic calcification

Calcium deposits in vital tissues | Increase serum calcium

Metastatic calcification

Occurs as non-crystalline amorphous deposits or as hydroxyapatite crystals

Metastatic calcification

Bipolar Refringence in congo red stain

Hyaline change

Reactions of living tissue to injuries stimuli

Inflammation

Destroy or wall of injuries agents

Inflammation

Two major response of inflammation

Vascular | Increased vascular permeability

Hallmark of inflammation

Swelling or edema | Local decreased blood circulation (stasis)

Hallmark of early hemodynamic change; redness and warmth

Increase blood flow

Hallmark of Acute Inflammation

Increased vascular permeability

Decreased oxidative burst

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

Decrease NADPH oxidase

Chronic Granulomatous disease

Decreased leukocyte functions because of mutation affecting protein involved in lysosomal membrane traffic

Chediak-Higashi Syndrome

Membrane attack complex

C5b-9

Active in Neisserial infxn

C5b-9

Manna binding lectin

Plasma lectins