PEDIATRIC Section 9: Congenital GU (Ureter/Urethra) Flashcards

1
Q

his is a “wastebasket” term for an enlarged ureter which is intrinsic to the ureter (NOT the resuh of a distal obstruction)

A

Congenital (primary) MEGAureter

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2
Q

Give the causes of Congenital (Primary) Megaureter

A

(1) distal adynamic segment (analogous to achalasia, or colonic Hirschsprungs),
(2) reflux at the UVJ,
(3) it just wants to be big (totally idiopathic).

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3
Q

What type of Congenital Megaureter causes hydronephrosis?

A

Distal adynamic type

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4
Q

Retrocaval Ureter (circumcaval)- This is actually a problem with the development of the IVC, which grows in a
manner that pins the ureter.

A

Retrocaval Ureter (circumcaval)-

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5
Q

Retrocaval Ureter (circumcaval) in IVP

A

“Reverse J” or “fishhook”

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6
Q

When you say Duplicated collecting system, you say

A

“Weigert- Meyer Rule”

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7
Q

What is the “Weigert- Meyer Rule”?

A

the upper pole inserts INFERIOR and MEDIALLY.

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8
Q

The upper pole in a duplicated collecting system is prone to what?

The lower pole is prone to?

A

Upper pole: ureterocele formation and obstruction

Lower pole: Reflux

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9
Q

In girls, a duplicated system can lead to

A

Incontincee (Ureter may instert BELOW the sphincter - sometimes VAGINA)

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10
Q

A cystic dilation of the intravesicular ureter, secondary to obstruction at the ureteral orifice.

A

Ureterocele

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11
Q

Ureterocele in IVP will show?

A

“Cobra head” sign with contrast surrounded by a lucent rim, protruding from the contrast filled bladder.

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12
Q

This is associated with a duplicated system (specifically the upper pole).

A

Ureterocele

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13
Q

The ureter inserts distal to the external sphincter in the vestibule.

A

Ectopic Ureter

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14
Q

Ectopic Ureter is common in what patients?

A

Female

+ incontinence

(not associated with incontinence in men)

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15
Q

Where are ureteroceles best demonstrated

A

Early filling of the VCUG

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16
Q

This is a fold in the posterior urethra that leads to outflow obstruction and eventual renal failure (if it’s not fixed).

A

Posterior Urethral Valves

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17
Q

It is the most common cause of urethral obstruction in male infants.

A

Posterior Urethral Valves

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18
Q

What is the fold in the posterior urethra?

A

The fold is a Wolfian Duct tissue remnant

19
Q

Diagnosis?

Describe

A

Posterior urethrel valves

an abrupt caliber change between the dilated posterior urethra and normal caliber anterior urethra.

20
Q

Diagnsosis.

Describe

A

Posterior Urethral Valves:

The MRI would have to show hydro in the kidney and a “key-hole” bladder appearance.

21
Q

Triad of Posterior Urethral Valves:

A
  • Hydronephrosis
  • Bladder Dilation
  • Oligiohydramnios
22
Q

Buzzword of posterior urethral valves

A

Peri renal fluid collection. - non specific

23
Q

When you see hydronephrosis on routine prenatal ultrasound - What would be the next step if its persistent once born?

A

Repeat ultrasound

24
Q

Gold standard diagnostic procedure for hydronephrosis in the newborn

A

VCUG

25
Q

Non-Obstructive Causes of Hydro in Baby Boys

A

-Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
-Primary Megaureter
-Prune Belly = Zebra

26
Q

Obstructive Causes of Hydro in Baby Boys

A

-PUV (posterior urethral valves)
-UPJ Obstruction
- Ureteral Ectopia

27
Q

Horizontal angle of the urethra =

A

reflux can develop (should be oblique)

28
Q

What is the most common cause of a palpable renal “mass” in childhood?

A

Hydronephrosis

29
Q

Describe the grading system for VUR 1-5

A
  1. One is reflux halfway up the ureter,
  2. Two is reflux into a non-dilated collecting system, (calyces still pointy),
  3. Three you have dilation of the collecting system, and calyces get blunted 4.
    Four the system gets mildly tortuous,
  4. Five the system is very tortuous.
30
Q

Chronic reflux can lead to? and eventually result in?

A

Chronic reflux can lead to scarring. This scarring can result in hypertension and/or chronic renal failure.

31
Q

Describe “Hutch Diverticula”

A
32
Q

Persistent canalization of the umbilical attachment to the bladder

A

Urachus

33
Q

the urachus atrophies into what?

A

This usually atrophies into the umbilical ligament.

34
Q

Most common complication of urachal remnant

A

INFECTION

35
Q

Urachal anomalies are twice as common in?

A

Boys

36
Q

When guys with with urachus gets cancer, it’s this type

A

AdenoCA (90%)

37
Q

“Midlune bladder structure”

A

Urachus

38
Q

Describe thes urachal spectrum

A
39
Q

Diagnosis?

A

Urachal cancer

40
Q

This is a herniation of the urinary bladder through a hole in the anterior infra-umbilical abdominal wall.

A

Bladder Exstrophy

41
Q

The extruded bladder has an increased incidence of what malignancy?

A

AdenoCA

42
Q

Diagnosis?

A

“Manta Ray Sign” - with unfused pubic bones.

This looks like a monster wide pubic symphysis on an
AP pelvic radiograph.

43
Q

GU and GI both drain into a common opening (like a bird). This only happens in females.

A

Cloacal Malformation

44
Q

Causes of Neurgenic bladder?

A

spinal dysraphism (tethered cord, sacral agenesis, and all the other fucked up spine stuff).