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Pediatric Autopsy Flashcards

1
Q

when is a fetal death designated a surgical specimen - POC

A

IUFD, intra-uterine fetal demise which is about <20 weeks

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2
Q

very low birth weight for an infant

A

<1,500 g

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3
Q

extremely low birth weight for an infant

A

<1,000 g

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4
Q

time from fertilization to the end of the 8th week of gestation

A

embryonic period

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5
Q

death after 20 weeks gestational age

A

fetal death

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6
Q

death after 28 weeks gestation

A

late fetal death

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7
Q

a child from birth to one month/28 days

A

neonate

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8
Q

the first week of life

A

early neonatal period

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9
Q

a child from 1 month to 1 year of age

A

infant

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10
Q

death which occurs during labor and delivery

A

intrapartum death

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11
Q

born less that 37 weeks gestational age

A

premature

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12
Q

fetus born with no signs of life after 28 weeks gestational age

A

stillbirth

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13
Q

best sources of tissue for culture (cytogenetics) (5)

A

-fascia
-lung
-achilles
-chorionic villi
-cartilage

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14
Q

crown-rump length is usually ____ that of the crown-heel length

A

2/3

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15
Q

sitting height of fetus

A

crown-rump

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16
Q

standing height of fetus

A

crown-heel

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17
Q

recessed mandible

A

micrognathia

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18
Q

enlarged tongue

A

macroglossia

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19
Q

severe malnutrition

A

marasmus

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20
Q

an extra digit is either medial (preaxial) or lateral (postaxial) and may or may not contain bone

A

polydactyly

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21
Q

absence of a digit, can be due to amniotic band disruption

A

oligodactyly

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22
Q

two or more fingers or toes are partially or completely adherent because of fusion of the skin or skin and bone

A

syndactyly

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23
Q

flexion deformity of one or more digits

A

camptodactyly

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24
Q

this can also occur in amniotic band disruption

A

partial amputation

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25
Q

a single, deep horizontal line that extends across the palm of the hand

A

simian crease

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26
Q

a cleft between oligodactly of the feet

A

split foot

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27
Q

a deformity in the oligohydramnios sequence causing feet to be inverted and plantar flexed (equinovarus)

A

clubfoot

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28
Q

foot deformity where the foot has a convex sole with a prominent heel and dorsiflexed forefoot

A

rocker bottom feet

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29
Q

removal of the external genitalia is performed prior to this

A

evisceration

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30
Q

removal of the external genitalia is warranted if (4)

A

there are GU abnormalities or ambiguous genitalia, anal atresia, suspected fistulas

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31
Q

to demonstrate a pneumothorax in infants this can be done

A

the whole chest cavity can be opened under water

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32
Q

blood cultures can be obtained from this site

A

right atrium

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33
Q

autopsy technique in pediatric autopsies

A

en masse technique

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34
Q

this accounts for more than 90% of all cardiac disease in childhood

A

congenital heart disease

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35
Q

the leading cause of death in the first 12 months of life (3)

A

congenital anomalies, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities

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36
Q

the single largest cause of neonatal deaths globally

A

infections

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37
Q

When neonates are exposed to infected amniotic fluid (chorioamnionitis), they can develop

A

sepsis, pneumonia, and myocarditis

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38
Q

this infection is most common in premature infants

A

necrotizing enterocolitis

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39
Q

oligohydramnios

A

Potter sequence

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40
Q

lungs in potter sequence

A

bilateral hypoplasia

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41
Q

umbilical cord is wrapped around the fetus’s neck

A

nuchal umbilical cord

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42
Q

intestinal obstruction caused by thick meconium

A

meconium ileus

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43
Q

trisomy 18

A

Edwards syndrome

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44
Q

trisomy 13

A

Patau syndrome

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45
Q

cleft palate is associated with what trisomy

A

trisomy 13

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46
Q

monosomy X

A

Turner syndrome

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47
Q

trisomy of sex chromosomes XXY

A

Klinefelter syndrome

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48
Q

the most frequent mental retardation syndrome

A

Fragile X syndrome

49
Q

deficiency of the occipital bone with cervicothoracic spinal fusion

A

iniencephaly

50
Q

tetralogy of fallot

A

-pulmonary stenosis
-right ventricular hypertrophy
-overriding aorta
-ventricular septal defect

51
Q

most common congenital abnormality in the heart

A

ventricular septal defect

52
Q

most common types of ventricular septal defects

A

perimembranous and muscular

53
Q

most common type of atrial septal defect

54
Q

heart defect in Turner syndrome

A

coarctation of the aorta

55
Q

coarctation of the aorta causes

A

ventricular hypertrophy

56
Q

atrioventricular septal defect is common this congenital disorder

A

down syndrome

57
Q

common arterial trunk where only one great artery arises from the heart

A

truncus arteriosus

58
Q

the most common tumors of infancy

A

hemangiomas

59
Q

most common cardiac tumor in infants and children

A

rhabdomyoma

60
Q

common locations for a rhabdomyoma

A

right and left ventricle, septum

61
Q

most common teratoma of childhood

A

sacrococcygeal teratomas

62
Q

majority of sacrococcygeal teratomas are

A

mature (75%)

63
Q

most common primary renal tumor of childhood

A

Wilms tumor/nephroblastoma

64
Q

blood culture is taken from this side of the heart in a SIDS autopsy to reduce postmortem contamination from the intestinal flora

A

left heart

65
Q

common findings in SIDS (2)

A

thymic, pleural and epicardial petechiae, hyperinflated lungs with congestion

66
Q

only this percent of SIDS cases have a well-defined cause after an autopsy

67
Q

the most common and important teratogen in humans

68
Q

neuropathologic lesions in fetal alcohol syndrome (2)

A

agenesis of the corpus callosum, decreased brain weight

69
Q

caudal regression sequence often seen in infants of diabetic mothers

A

Sirenomelia-mermaid baby

70
Q

defect of the anterior abdominal wall at the insertion of the umbilical cord, covered by sac

A

omphalocele

71
Q

paraumbilical defect without a protective sac

A

gastrochisis

72
Q

meckel diverticulum rule of 2’s (3)

A

2% of the population, 2 ft from IC valve, 2 in. long in adults (1-2 cm in newborns)

73
Q

compressed, macerated remains of a fetus that demises early in multiple gestation

A

fetus papryaceus

74
Q

fluid accumulation in different parts of the fetal body

A

hydrops fetalis

75
Q

immune hydrops occurs due to what

A

Rh incompatibility between fetus and mother

76
Q

most common form of hydrops fetalis

A

non-immune hydrops

77
Q

head is soft and deformable because of the absence of mineralized cranial bone, short limbs

A

osteogenesis imperfecta congenita

78
Q

separation of the rectus abdominis muscles along the midline (linea alba) due to weakened connective tissue

A

diastasis recti

79
Q

absence of skin, usually on the scalp

A

cutis aplasia

80
Q

common congenital abnormality of the male urethra

A

hypospadias

81
Q

uretral openings can be subcoronal, midshaft or penoscrotal

A

hypospadias

82
Q

differentiation of male and female external genitalia is complete when

A

12 weeks gestation

83
Q

common but may be associated with spina bifida

A

sacral dimple

84
Q

usually associated with cleft lip but not always

A

cleft palate

85
Q

absent nasal septum, single nares, absent philtrum, median cleft lip/palate

A

holoprosencephaly sequence

86
Q

helix does not reach above the line extending from the lateral canthus to the occipital bone

A

low set slanted ears

87
Q

softening, breakdown, and discoloration of fetal tissue due to prolonged exposure to amniotic fluid after intrauterine death

A

maceration

88
Q

mummification with tissue appearing gray

A

grade V of maceration

89
Q

when does grade V of maceration occur

A

within 2 weeks

90
Q

desquamation involving less than or equal to 1% of the body surface and brown red discoloration of the umbilical cord stump

A

Grade I of maceration

91
Q

desquamation involving greater than or equal to 1% and less than or equal to 5% of the body surface

A

grade II of maceration

92
Q

desquamation involving more than 5% of the body surface

A

grade III of maceration

93
Q

total brown skin discoloration with tissue appearing brown or gray

A

grade IV of maceration

94
Q

causes of death have been found through placental examination for 64% of what

A

intrauterine fetal deaths

95
Q

most common birth injury of skeletal system

A

clavicular and humeral fractures

96
Q

most common form of conjoined twins

A

thoracopagus

97
Q

this infection can cause microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, or patent ductus arteriosus or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis

98
Q

this infection can cause myocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, or sialadenitis

A

cytomegalovirus

99
Q

most frequent cranial birth injury

A

cephalohematoma

100
Q

frequently performed in suspected child abuse cases

A

eye removal

101
Q

primary error in morphogenesis

A

malformation

102
Q

secondary due to an extrinsic factor and not heritable

A

disruption

103
Q

due to an extrinsic factor and abnormal biomechanical forces

A

deformations

104
Q

cascade of anomalies triggered by one initiating abberation

105
Q

constellation of congenital anomalies

A

malformation syndrome

106
Q

a single umbilical artery is a

A

mild malformation in chromosome defects

107
Q

epicanthic folds, protruding tongue, smooth philtrum, single palmar crease

A

trisomy 21

108
Q

cleft lip and palate, microphthalmia, polydactyly, microcephaly, rocker bottom feet

A

trisomy 13

109
Q

micrognathia, rocker bottom feet, low set ears, overlapping fingers, valvular dysplasia

A

trisomy 18

110
Q

webbed neck, coarctation of aorta, short, peripheral lymphedema, SGA

A

turner syndrome

111
Q

pectus excavatum, prominent ears, mitral valve prolapse

A

fragile X syndrome

112
Q

occipitoparietal brain tissue protrudes through a wide posterior fontanel

A

meningoencephalocele

113
Q

combination of anencephaly with a contiguous bony defect of the spine

A

craniorachischisis

114
Q

dextro transposition of the great arteries

A

right ventricle goes to the aorta and left ventricle goes to the pulmonary trunk

115
Q

overabundance of trabeculae due to failure of myocardial compaction

A

ventricular non compaction

116
Q

this will give the estimated fetal age at demise

A

fetal foot length

117
Q

found in a thickened area of the extraplacental membranes in an intact sac

A

fetus papyraceus

118
Q

tall stature, gynecomastia, long legs, wide hips, small penus

A

klinefelter syndrome

AAP (18 decks)

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