Pediatric Autopsy Flashcards
1
Q
when is a fetal death designated a surgical specimen - POC
A
IUFD, intra-uterine fetal demise which is about <20 weeks
2
Q
very low birth weight for an infant
A
<1,500 g
3
Q
extremely low birth weight for an infant
A
<1,000 g
4
Q
time from fertilization to the end of the 8th week of gestation
A
embryonic period
5
Q
death after 20 weeks gestational age
A
fetal death
6
Q
death after 28 weeks gestation
A
late fetal death
7
Q
a child from birth to one month/28 days
A
neonate
8
Q
the first week of life
A
early neonatal period
9
Q
a child from 1 month to 1 year of age
A
infant
10
Q
death which occurs during labor and delivery
A
intrapartum death
11
Q
born less that 37 weeks gestational age
A
premature
12
Q
fetus born with no signs of life after 28 weeks gestational age
A
stillbirth
13
Q
best sources of tissue for culture (cytogenetics) (5)
A
-fascia
-lung
-achilles
-chorionic villi
-cartilage
14
Q
crown-rump length is usually ____ that of the crown-heel length
A
2/3
15
Q
sitting height of fetus
A
crown-rump
16
Q
standing height of fetus
A
crown-heel
17
Q
recessed mandible
A
micrognathia
18
Q
enlarged tongue
A
macroglossia
19
Q
severe malnutrition
A
marasmus
20
Q
an extra digit is either medial (preaxial) or lateral (postaxial) and may or may not contain bone
A
polydactyly
21
Q
absence of a digit, can be due to amniotic band disruption
A
oligodactyly
22
Q
two or more fingers or toes are partially or completely adherent because of fusion of the skin or skin and bone
A
syndactyly
23
Q
flexion deformity of one or more digits
A
camptodactyly
24
Q
this can also occur in amniotic band disruption
A
partial amputation
25
a single, deep horizontal line that extends across the palm of the hand
simian crease
26
a cleft between oligodactly of the feet
split foot
27
a deformity in the oligohydramnios sequence causing feet to be inverted and plantar flexed (equinovarus)
clubfoot
28
foot deformity where the foot has a convex sole with a prominent heel and dorsiflexed forefoot
rocker bottom feet
29
removal of the external genitalia is performed prior to this
evisceration
30
removal of the external genitalia is warranted if (4)
there are GU abnormalities or ambiguous genitalia, anal atresia, suspected fistulas
31
to demonstrate a pneumothorax in infants this can be done
the whole chest cavity can be opened under water
32
blood cultures can be obtained from this site
right atrium
33
autopsy technique in pediatric autopsies
en masse technique
34
this accounts for more than 90% of all cardiac disease in childhood
congenital heart disease
35
the leading cause of death in the first 12 months of life (3)
congenital anomalies, deformations, and chromosomal abnormalities
36
the single largest cause of neonatal deaths globally
infections
37
When neonates are exposed to infected amniotic fluid (chorioamnionitis), they can develop
sepsis, pneumonia, and myocarditis
38
this infection is most common in premature infants
necrotizing enterocolitis
39
oligohydramnios
Potter sequence
40
lungs in potter sequence
bilateral hypoplasia
41
umbilical cord is wrapped around the fetus's neck
nuchal umbilical cord
42
intestinal obstruction caused by thick meconium
meconium ileus
43
trisomy 18
Edwards syndrome
44
trisomy 13
Patau syndrome
45
cleft palate is associated with what trisomy
trisomy 13
46
monosomy X
Turner syndrome
47
trisomy of sex chromosomes XXY
Klinefelter syndrome
48
the most frequent mental retardation syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
49
deficiency of the occipital bone with cervicothoracic spinal fusion
iniencephaly
50
tetralogy of fallot
-pulmonary stenosis
-right ventricular hypertrophy
-overriding aorta
-ventricular septal defect
51
most common congenital abnormality in the heart
ventricular septal defect
52
most common types of ventricular septal defects
perimembranous and muscular
53
most common type of atrial septal defect
secundum
54
heart defect in Turner syndrome
coarctation of the aorta
55
coarctation of the aorta causes
ventricular hypertrophy
56
atrioventricular septal defect is common this congenital disorder
down syndrome
57
common arterial trunk where only one great artery arises from the heart
truncus arteriosus
58
the most common tumors of infancy
hemangiomas
59
most common cardiac tumor in infants and children
rhabdomyoma
60
common locations for a rhabdomyoma
right and left ventricle, septum
61
most common teratoma of childhood
sacrococcygeal teratomas
62
majority of sacrococcygeal teratomas are
mature (75%)
63
most common primary renal tumor of childhood
Wilms tumor/nephroblastoma
64
blood culture is taken from this side of the heart in a SIDS autopsy to reduce postmortem contamination from the intestinal flora
left heart
65
common findings in SIDS (2)
thymic, pleural and epicardial petechiae, hyperinflated lungs with congestion
66
only this percent of SIDS cases have a well-defined cause after an autopsy
15%
67
the most common and important teratogen in humans
alcohol
68
neuropathologic lesions in fetal alcohol syndrome (2)
agenesis of the corpus callosum, decreased brain weight
69
caudal regression sequence often seen in infants of diabetic mothers
Sirenomelia-mermaid baby
70
defect of the anterior abdominal wall at the insertion of the umbilical cord, covered by sac
omphalocele
71
paraumbilical defect without a protective sac
gastrochisis
72
meckel diverticulum rule of 2's (3)
2% of the population, 2 ft from IC valve, 2 in. long in adults (1-2 cm in newborns)
73
compressed, macerated remains of a fetus that demises early in multiple gestation
fetus papryaceus
74
fluid accumulation in different parts of the fetal body
hydrops fetalis
75
immune hydrops occurs due to what
Rh incompatibility between fetus and mother
76
most common form of hydrops fetalis
non-immune hydrops
77
head is soft and deformable because of the absence of mineralized cranial bone, short limbs
osteogenesis imperfecta congenita
78
separation of the rectus abdominis muscles along the midline (linea alba) due to weakened connective tissue
diastasis recti
79
absence of skin, usually on the scalp
cutis aplasia
80
common congenital abnormality of the male urethra
hypospadias
81
uretral openings can be subcoronal, midshaft or penoscrotal
hypospadias
82
differentiation of male and female external genitalia is complete when
12 weeks gestation
83
common but may be associated with spina bifida
sacral dimple
84
usually associated with cleft lip but not always
cleft palate
85
absent nasal septum, single nares, absent philtrum, median cleft lip/palate
holoprosencephaly sequence
86
helix does not reach above the line extending from the lateral canthus to the occipital bone
low set slanted ears
87
softening, breakdown, and discoloration of fetal tissue due to prolonged exposure to amniotic fluid after intrauterine death
maceration
88
mummification with tissue appearing gray
grade V of maceration
89
when does grade V of maceration occur
within 2 weeks
90
desquamation involving less than or equal to 1% of the body surface and brown red discoloration of the umbilical cord stump
Grade I of maceration
91
desquamation involving greater than or equal to 1% and less than or equal to 5% of the body surface
grade II of maceration
92
desquamation involving more than 5% of the body surface
grade III of maceration
93
total brown skin discoloration with tissue appearing brown or gray
grade IV of maceration
94
causes of death have been found through placental examination for 64% of what
intrauterine fetal deaths
95
most common birth injury of skeletal system
clavicular and humeral fractures
96
most common form of conjoined twins
thoracopagus
97
this infection can cause microcephaly, hepatosplenomegaly, or patent ductus arteriosus or peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis
rubella
98
this infection can cause myocarditis, interstitial pneumonia, or sialadenitis
cytomegalovirus
99
most frequent cranial birth injury
cephalohematoma
100
frequently performed in suspected child abuse cases
eye removal
101
primary error in morphogenesis
malformation
102
secondary due to an extrinsic factor and not heritable
disruption
103
due to an extrinsic factor and abnormal biomechanical forces
deformations
104
cascade of anomalies triggered by one initiating abberation
sequence
105
constellation of congenital anomalies
malformation syndrome
106
a single umbilical artery is a
mild malformation in chromosome defects
107
epicanthic folds, protruding tongue, smooth philtrum, single palmar crease
trisomy 21
108
cleft lip and palate, microphthalmia, polydactyly, microcephaly, rocker bottom feet
trisomy 13
109
micrognathia, rocker bottom feet, low set ears, overlapping fingers, valvular dysplasia
trisomy 18
110
webbed neck, coarctation of aorta, short, peripheral lymphedema, SGA
turner syndrome
111
pectus excavatum, prominent ears, mitral valve prolapse
fragile X syndrome
112
occipitoparietal brain tissue protrudes through a wide posterior fontanel
meningoencephalocele
113
combination of anencephaly with a contiguous bony defect of the spine
craniorachischisis
114
dextro transposition of the great arteries
right ventricle goes to the aorta and left ventricle goes to the pulmonary trunk
115
overabundance of trabeculae due to failure of myocardial compaction
ventricular non compaction
116
this will give the estimated fetal age at demise
fetal foot length
117
found in a thickened area of the extraplacental membranes in an intact sac
fetus papyraceus
118
tall stature, gynecomastia, long legs, wide hips, small penus
klinefelter syndrome
