Pattern Recognition in Neurology

Question 1

Symptoms appear where first in length dependent PN?

Answer 1

legs

Question 2

Name the 4 different areas of the neurological system?

Answer 2

CNS, PNS, NMJ, muscle

Question 3

MS is a demyelinating neuropathy T or F?

Answer 3

F, it is caused by demyelination in the BRAIN not in a nerve

Question 4

Describe focal weakness

Answer 4

follows a distribution eg in a peripheral nerve or root, affects 1 side of the body, pyramidal distribution

Question 5

Describe non-focal weakness

Answer 5

generalised, predominantly proximal or distal, can include bulbar motor problems

Question 6

sphincter function is preserved in what MN dysfunction

Answer 6

LMN

Question 7

sensory loss is in what distribution in UMN dysfunction?

Answer 7

central

Question 8

Sensory loss is in what distribution in LMN dysfunction?

Answer 8

None, glove and stocking, peripheral nerve or root distribution

Question 9

NMJ problems present with what presentation of weakness, tone and reflexes?

Answer 9

Fatiguable weakness, normal/decreased tone, normal

Question 10

Reflexes are normal in NMJ dysfunction T or F?

Answer 10

T

Question 11

Sensory symptoms are present in NMJ dysfunction T or F?

Answer 11

F

Question 12

Muscle disease has what presentation of tone and reflexes?

Answer 12

Decreased tone, decreased/absent tendon reflexes

Question 13

corticospinal weakness describes what?

Answer 13

weak extensors in the arms

weak flexors in the legs

Question 14

an UMN lesion will cause what kind of weakness below the level of the lesion?

Answer 14

pyramidal

Question 15

how would you describe pyramidal weakness?

Answer 15

weakness in a corticospinal pattern eg weak extensors in arms, weak flexors in legs

Question 16

what is paraparesis? it can be seen in a lesion where?

Answer 16

partial paralysis of the lower limbs

parasagittal frontal lobe lesion

Question 17

mononeuropathy arises as a result of what condiitons?

Answer 17

nerve compression

mononeuritis multiplex

Question 18

symmetrical peripheral neuropathy occurs as a result of what conditions?

Answer 18

diabetes
alcohol
metabolic insult
inherited disorders

Question 19

muscle disorders tend to have proximal/distal weakness?

Answer 19

proximal

Question 20

loss of sensation on a dermatome spinal level indicates…

Answer 20

a spinal cord lesion

Question 21

stocking then glove sensory loss indicates…

Answer 21

length dependent neuropathy

Question 22

what is hemianaesthesia?

Answer 22

inability to feel touch on one side of the body

Question 23

hemianaesthesia in a patient indicates what..

Answer 23

contralateral cerebral lesion

Question 24

what presentation would suggest hemicord damage?

Answer 24

preserved DCML with lost spinothalamic sensation

Question 25

name the hemicord conditions?

Answer 25

syringomyelia
anterior spinal artery syndrome
brown-sequard syndrome

Question 26

finger-nose test assesses what?

Answer 26

intention tremor in the arms

ataxia

Question 27

how can intention tremor in the legs be tested?

Answer 27

heel-toe test

Question 28

symptoms are symmetrical in PD T or F

Answer 28

F, asymmetrical unless atypical PD

Question 29

symptoms are symmetrical in drug induced parkinsonism T or F

Answer 29

T

Question 30

medical term for a “masked face”

Answer 30

hypomimia

Question 31

damage to what part of the brain causes disinhibition?

Answer 31

orbitofrontal cortex

Question 32

seizures, expressive dysphasia and incontinence indicate a problem in what lobe?

Answer 32

frontal

Question 33

how can frontal love problems cause anosmia?

Answer 33

olfactory pathway is just below the frontal lobe

Question 34

temporal lobe mainly controls what kind of memory?

Answer 34

episodic

Question 35

what is agnosia? dysfunction where in the brain causes it?

Answer 35

inability to process sensory info eg recognising objects;

temporal lobe

Question 36

upper homonymous quadrantanopia indicates a lesion where?

Answer 36

temporal lobe

Question 37

lower homonymous quadrantanopia indicates a lesion where?

Answer 37

parietal lobe

Question 38

patient with sensory dysfunction, inattention and dyspraxia suggests a problem where?

Answer 38

parietal lobe

Question 39

Tx for PD?

Answer 39

levodopa or dopamine agonist

MDT approach

Question 40

does levodopa or dopamine cross the BBB?

Answer 40

levodopa

Question 41

levodopa main complication?

Answer 41

dyskinesia

Question 42

postural instability is a late indicator of PD T or F

Answer 42

T

Question 43

what contrast is used in imaging of a suspected MS patient?

Answer 43

gadolinium

Question 44

presenting symptoms of MS?

Answer 44

visual compromise
stiffness
weakness

Question 45

primary lateral sclerosis is purely a/an ____ motor neuron syndrome

Answer 45

upper

Question 46

Hx q’s for MND?

Answer 46

cognitive impairment
cramps
fasciculations
foot drop
FHx
behaviour changes

Question 47

loss of limits of lentiform nucleus, poor white grey white matter differentiation are early signs of…

Answer 47

stroke

Question 48

lacunar syndromes present with no visual field defect T or F

Answer 48

T

Question 49

a stroke in which area causes hemiparesis with no VF defects?

Answer 49

lacunar stroke

Question 50

what visual field defect presents in posterior circulation stroke?

Answer 50

homonymous hemianopia

Question 51

cranial nerve palsy is a feature of a stroke where?

Answer 51

posterior circulation

Question 52

a stroke where causes hemiplegia?

Answer 52

anterior circulation (total)

Question 53

main symptoms of an anterior circulation stroke

Answer 53

hemiplegia
homonymous hemianopia
aphasia/visuospatial disturbance
maybe sensory deficit