Pattern Recognition in Neurology Flashcards
Symptoms appear where first in length dependent PN?
legs
Name the 4 different areas of the neurological system?
CNS, PNS, NMJ, muscle
MS is a demyelinating neuropathy T or F?
F, it is caused by demyelination in the BRAIN not in a nerve
Describe focal weakness
follows a distribution eg in a peripheral nerve or root, affects 1 side of the body, pyramidal distribution
Describe non-focal weakness
generalised, predominantly proximal or distal, can include bulbar motor problems
sphincter function is preserved in what MN dysfunction
LMN
sensory loss is in what distribution in UMN dysfunction?
central
Sensory loss is in what distribution in LMN dysfunction?
None, glove and stocking, peripheral nerve or root distribution
NMJ problems present with what presentation of weakness, tone and reflexes?
Fatiguable weakness, normal/decreased tone, normal
Reflexes are normal in NMJ dysfunction T or F?
T
Sensory symptoms are present in NMJ dysfunction T or F?
F
Muscle disease has what presentation of tone and reflexes?
Decreased tone, decreased/absent tendon reflexes
corticospinal weakness describes what?
weak extensors in the arms
weak flexors in the legs
an UMN lesion will cause what kind of weakness below the level of the lesion?
pyramidal
how would you describe pyramidal weakness?
weakness in a corticospinal pattern eg weak extensors in arms, weak flexors in legs
what is paraparesis? it can be seen in a lesion where?
partial paralysis of the lower limbs
parasagittal frontal lobe lesion
mononeuropathy arises as a result of what condiitons?
nerve compression
mononeuritis multiplex
symmetrical peripheral neuropathy occurs as a result of what conditions?
diabetes
alcohol
metabolic insult
inherited disorders
muscle disorders tend to have proximal/distal weakness?
proximal
loss of sensation on a dermatome spinal level indicates…
a spinal cord lesion
stocking then glove sensory loss indicates…
length dependent neuropathy
what is hemianaesthesia?
inability to feel touch on one side of the body
hemianaesthesia in a patient indicates what..
contralateral cerebral lesion
what presentation would suggest hemicord damage?
preserved DCML with lost spinothalamic sensation
name the hemicord conditions?
syringomyelia
anterior spinal artery syndrome
brown-sequard syndrome
finger-nose test assesses what?
intention tremor in the arms
ataxia
how can intention tremor in the legs be tested?
heel-toe test
symptoms are symmetrical in PD T or F
F, asymmetrical unless atypical PD
symptoms are symmetrical in drug induced parkinsonism T or F
T
medical term for a “masked face”
hypomimia
damage to what part of the brain causes disinhibition?
orbitofrontal cortex
seizures, expressive dysphasia and incontinence indicate a problem in what lobe?
frontal
how can frontal love problems cause anosmia?
olfactory pathway is just below the frontal lobe
temporal lobe mainly controls what kind of memory?
episodic
what is agnosia? dysfunction where in the brain causes it?
inability to process sensory info eg recognising objects;
temporal lobe
upper homonymous quadrantanopia indicates a lesion where?
temporal lobe
lower homonymous quadrantanopia indicates a lesion where?
parietal lobe
patient with sensory dysfunction, inattention and dyspraxia suggests a problem where?
parietal lobe
Tx for PD?
levodopa or dopamine agonist
MDT approach
does levodopa or dopamine cross the BBB?
levodopa
levodopa main complication?
dyskinesia
postural instability is a late indicator of PD T or F
T
what contrast is used in imaging of a suspected MS patient?
gadolinium
presenting symptoms of MS?
visual compromise
stiffness
weakness
primary lateral sclerosis is purely a/an ____ motor neuron syndrome
upper
Hx q’s for MND?
cognitive impairment cramps fasciculations foot drop FHx behaviour changes
loss of limits of lentiform nucleus, poor white grey white matter differentiation are early signs of…
stroke
lacunar syndromes present with no visual field defect T or F
T
a stroke in which area causes hemiparesis with no VF defects?
lacunar stroke
what visual field defect presents in posterior circulation stroke?
homonymous hemianopia
cranial nerve palsy is a feature of a stroke where?
posterior circulation
a stroke where causes hemiplegia?
anterior circulation (total)
main symptoms of an anterior circulation stroke
hemiplegia
homonymous hemianopia
aphasia/visuospatial disturbance
maybe sensory deficit
