Pathophysiology of Pulmonary infection Flashcards
Coryza
common cold
Croup
acute laryngotracheobronchitis
Various URTIs
Coryza Croup Laryngitis Sinusitis Acute Epiglottitis
Acute Epiglottitis
haemophilus influenza (tybe b Hib)
Group A Strep
Lower respiratory tract infections
Bronchitis
Bronchiolitis
Pneumonia
Respiratory Tract defence mechanisms
General immune system
respiratory tract secretions
upper respiratory tract acts as a ‘filter’
Ways of particle clearance from the lungs
Mucociliary escalator
alveolar macrophage phagocytosis
Cough reflex
Influenze
bronchial epithelium loss
cytopathic effect of viral infection
Classifications of pneumonia
community acquired pneumonia
hospital acquired pneumonia
Atypical
Aspiration
recurrent
Complications of pneumonia
(most cases resolve)
Pleurisy, pleural effusion
organisation (mass lesions)
lung abscess
potentially fatal
Pleural effusion
‘water on the lungs’
build up of fluid between the pleural membranes
Pleural Empyema
gathering of pus in pleural cavity
Bronchiectasis
pathological dilatation of bronchi
Symptoms of bronchiectasis
cough
abundant purulent foul sputum
coarse crackles
clubbing
haemoptysis
Cystic fibrosis
genetic disorder
frequent lung infections
Air flow can be…
laminar
turbulent
Range of normal PaO2 (kPa)
10.5-13.5 kPa
Abnormal pulmonary gas exchange
ventilation/perfusion imbalance
diffusion impairment
alveolar hypoventilation
shunt
Physiological pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction occurs when
alveolar oxygen tension falls (can be a localised effect)
all vessels constrict if there is
arterial hypoxaemia
Shunt
blood passing from right to left side of the heart WITHOUT contacting ventilated alveoli
Hypoventilation increases ….. and therefore also increases ……
PACO2
PaCO2
