Pathophysiology of Cardiac failure and oedema Flashcards

1
Q

What is Darcy`s law?

A

Blood flow = pressure gradient over resistance

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2
Q

What is congestion?

A

Relative excess of blood in vessels of tissue or organ

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3
Q

What are the three clinical pathologies of congestion?

A
  • Local acute congestion
  • Local chronic congestion
  • Generalised acute congestion
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4
Q

Give an example of local acute congestion?

A

Deep vein thrombosis

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5
Q

Give an example of local chronic congestion?

A

Hepatic cirrhosis

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6
Q

Give an example of generalised acute congestion?

A

-Congestive cardiac failure

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7
Q

What causes hepatic cirrhosis?

A

HBV alcohol

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8
Q

What happens to the structure of the liver in hepatic cirrhosis?

A

Regenerating liver forms nodules of hepatocytes with intervening fibrosis

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9
Q

What does the altered structure of the liver cause?

A
  • altered hepatic blood flow
  • Congestion in portal vein and branches
  • collateral circulation
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10
Q

What are two consequnces of portal-systemic shunts?

A
  • Oesophageal varices

- Caput Medusae

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11
Q

What is congestive cardiac failure?

A

-Heart unable to clear blood, right and left ventricles

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12
Q

What causes heart congestion?

A

Ischaemia

valve disease

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13
Q

What are the pathophysiology steps of congestive cardiac failure?

A

-Decreased CO
-Renal Glomerular filtration rate
(activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system)
-Na And H2O retention
-Increase in fluid in body

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14
Q

Whats the treatment for cardiac failure?

A

Diuretics

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15
Q

Right heart failure causes?

A

Blood dams back to systemic
Increase JVP
hepatomegaly
peripheral oedema

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16
Q

Left heart failure causes?

A

Blood dams into lungs

Pulmonary Oedmea

17
Q

What appearances of the liver can be seen when hepatic central venous congestion?

18
Q

What is Oedema?

A

Accumulation of abnormal amounts of fluid in the extravascular compartment

19
Q

What is an effusion?

A

Fluid collection in body cavities

20
Q

What is ascites?

A

Fluid in abdominal cavity

21
Q

What are the features of transudate?

A

Not much protein/albumin

Lots of H20 & electrolytes

22
Q

What part of starlings law does pulmonary oedema affect?

A

Capillary hydrostatic

23
Q

what part of starlings law does peripheral oedema affect?

A

Capillary hydrostatic

24
Q

What can breast cancer radiotherapy to the axilla cause?

A

-Fibrosis=decreased outflow=oedema of the upper lip

25
How does hypoalbuminaemia cause oedema?
Decreases oncotic capillary pressure meaning water is not dragged back into capillary so filtration in creases
26
What is starlings equation?
look that shit up
27
What can cause hypoproteinaemia (which can lead to oedema)?
Nephrotic syndrome (leaky basement membrane) Hepatic cirrhosis Malnutrition
28
What happens in permeability oedema?
- Damage to endothelial lining | - proteins and larger molecules can leak out.. NO oncotic cap pressure to bring water back in.