Hypertension Flashcards
What does a 2mmHg rise in blood pressure cause?
- 7% increase risk of mortalilty from IHD
- 10% increase risk mortality from stroke
Name the complications of hypertension for the brain?
- Haemorrhage
- Stroke
- Cognitive Decline
Name the complications of hypertension for the eye?
Retinopathy
Name the complications for vascular tissue with hypertension?
-Peripheral vascular disease
Name the complications of the kidneys with hypertension?
- Renal failure
- Dialysis
- Transplantation
- Proteinuria
Name the complications for the heart with hypertension?
LVH (left venticular hypertrophy)
CHD
CHF (congestive heart disease)
MI
What is congestive heart disease?
Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency.
What is the definition of hypertension?
That blood pressure above which the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks in terms of morbidity and mortality
How does risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease rise with blood pressure?
Rises exponentially
What is stage one hypertension defined as?
140/90 mmHg
What is stage two hypertension defined as?
160/100 mmHg
What is severe hypertension defined as?
180/110mmHg
What causes primary hypertension?
idopathic
How many cases of hypertension can a cause be found?
5-10%
What are some causes of hypertension?
-Secondary hypertension
-Chronic renal disease
-Renal artery stenosis
-Endocrine disease,Cushings
-Conn`s
Phaeochromocytoma
-GRA
What are the risk factors for hypertension?
- smoker
- diabetes mellitus
- renal disease
- Male X2 risk
- Hyperlipidaemia
- Previous MI or stroke
- Left vent hypertrophy X2 risk
What does the sympathetic activation produce?
- Vasoconstriction
- Reflex tachycardia
- increased cardiac output
What is responsible for long term bp control.
The RAAS system
What is RAAS system responsible for?
- Maintenance of sodium balance
- control of blood volume
- control of blood pressure
What is RAAS stimulated by?
- Fall in BP
- Fall in circulation volume
- Sodium depletion
Where is renin released from?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
What does renin do?
Converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1
What does angiotensin 2 do?
- Vasoconstricts
- Anti-natriuretic peptide
- Stimulator of aldosterone release from the adrenal glands
What does aldosterone do?
Potent antinatriuretic and antidiuretic peptide?
What does angiotensin 2 do to the heart?
Potent hypertrophic agent which stimulates myocyte and smooth muscle hypertrophy in the arterioles
What is the likely genetic cause of hypertension?
Increased resistance in vessels and resultant increases in peripheral resistance
Hereditary defect of the smooth muscle lining arterioles
How is birth weight linked to hypertension?
lower the birth weight the higher the likelihood of developing hypertension and heart disease
How much is renal disease responsible for secondary hypertension?
20%
Describe the various renal conditions which can cause hypertension?
-Chronic pyelonephritis
-Fibromuscular dysplasia
-renal artery stenosis
polycystic kidneys
What can cause hypertension in pregnant women?
-Pre-eclampsia
