Hypertension

Question 1

What does a 2mmHg rise in blood pressure cause?

Answer 1

• 7% increase risk of mortalilty from IHD

- 10% increase risk mortality from stroke

Question 2

Name the complications of hypertension for the brain?

Answer 2

• Haemorrhage
• Stroke
• Cognitive Decline

Question 3

Name the complications of hypertension for the eye?

Answer 3

Retinopathy

Question 4

Name the complications for vascular tissue with hypertension?

Answer 4

-Peripheral vascular disease

Question 5

Name the complications of the kidneys with hypertension?

Answer 5

• Renal failure
• Dialysis
• Transplantation
• Proteinuria

Question 6

Name the complications for the heart with hypertension?

Answer 6

LVH (left venticular hypertrophy)
CHD
CHF (congestive heart disease)
MI

Question 7

What is congestive heart disease?

Answer 7

Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency.

Question 8

What is the definition of hypertension?

Answer 8

That blood pressure above which the benefits of treatment outweigh the risks in terms of morbidity and mortality

Question 9

How does risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease rise with blood pressure?

Answer 9

Rises exponentially

Question 10

What is stage one hypertension defined as?

Answer 10

140/90 mmHg

Question 11

What is stage two hypertension defined as?

Answer 11

160/100 mmHg

Question 12

What is severe hypertension defined as?

Answer 12

180/110mmHg

Question 13

What causes primary hypertension?

Answer 13

idopathic

Question 14

How many cases of hypertension can a cause be found?

Answer 14

5-10%

Question 15

What are some causes of hypertension?

Answer 15

-Secondary hypertension
-Chronic renal disease
-Renal artery stenosis
-Endocrine disease,Cushings
-Conn`s
Phaeochromocytoma
-GRA

Question 16

What are the risk factors for hypertension?

Answer 16

• smoker
• diabetes mellitus
• renal disease
• Male X2 risk
• Hyperlipidaemia
• Previous MI or stroke
• Left vent hypertrophy X2 risk

Question 17

What does the sympathetic activation produce?

Answer 17

• Vasoconstriction
• Reflex tachycardia
• increased cardiac output

Question 18

What is responsible for long term bp control.

Answer 18

The RAAS system

Question 19

What is RAAS system responsible for?

Answer 19

• Maintenance of sodium balance
• control of blood volume
• control of blood pressure

Question 20

What is RAAS stimulated by?

Answer 20

• Fall in BP
• Fall in circulation volume
• Sodium depletion

Question 21

Where is renin released from?

Answer 21

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 22

What does renin do?

Answer 22

Converts angiotensin to angiotensin 1

Question 23

What does angiotensin 2 do?

Answer 23

• Vasoconstricts
• Anti-natriuretic peptide
• Stimulator of aldosterone release from the adrenal glands

Question 24

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 24

Potent antinatriuretic and antidiuretic peptide?

Question 25

What does angiotensin 2 do to the heart?

Answer 25

Potent hypertrophic agent which stimulates myocyte and smooth muscle hypertrophy in the arterioles

Question 26

What is the likely genetic cause of hypertension?

Answer 26

Increased resistance in vessels and resultant increases in peripheral resistance
Hereditary defect of the smooth muscle lining arterioles

Question 27

How is birth weight linked to hypertension?

Answer 27

lower the birth weight the higher the likelihood of developing hypertension and heart disease

Question 28

How much is renal disease responsible for secondary hypertension?

Answer 28

20%

Question 29

Describe the various renal conditions which can cause hypertension?

Answer 29

-Chronic pyelonephritis
-Fibromuscular dysplasia
-renal artery stenosis
polycystic kidneys

Question 30

What can cause hypertension in pregnant women?

Answer 30

-Pre-eclampsia