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NHA CCMA Test > Pathophysiology and Disease > Flashcards

Pathophysiology and Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Treatment

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

Endocrine System

A

Insulin Treatment

Cause: Unknown (possibly autoimmune, genetic, or environmental)

Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Blurry Vision, Weight Loss, Elevated Blood Glucose

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2
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

Endocrine System

A

Diet Modification, Exercise, Medication, Insulin Therapy Treatment

Cause: Obesity, Inactivity, Genetics

Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Elevated Blood Glucose

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3
Q

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

Endocrine System

A

Weight Loss, Estrogen, and Progestin Treatment

Cause: Unknown (possibly genetic, excessive insulin)

Symptoms: Irregular Menstrual Cycles, Elevated Hormone Levels, Multiple Cysts on Ovaries

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4
Q

Hypothyroidism

Endocrine System

A

Synthetic Thyroid Hormone Medication (levothyroxine) Treatment

Cause: Autoimmune Disease, Medications, Thyroid Surgery

Symptoms: Fatigue, Weight Gain, Muscle Aches, Bradycardia, Depression, Elevated Cholesterol, Dry Skin

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5
Q

Hyperthyroidism

Endocrine System

A

Radioactive Iodine, Antithyroid Medication, Beta Blockers, Thyroidectomy Treatment

Cause: Graves Disease, Thyroiditis, Plummer’s Disease

Symptoms: Weight Loss, Tachycardia, Anxiety, Fatigue, Sleep Disruption, Goiter

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6
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

Integumentary System

A

Curettage & Electrodessication, Mohs Surgery, Cryosurgery, Laser Therapy Treatment

Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure

Symptoms: New Growth or Sore that DOES NOT Heal

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7
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Integumentary System

A

Curettage & Electrodessication, Mohs Surgery, Cryosurgery, Lasar Therapy Treatment

Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure, Less Common than BCC

Symptoms: Spreads to Surrounding Tissue, Most Common on Face/Head

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8
Q

Malignant Melanoma

Integumentary System

A

Depends on Stage of Lesion:
Surgery, Lymph Node Biopsy, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Immunotherapy Treatment

Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure

Symptoms: Itchy/Bleeding Mole, New Mole, Mole with Chnage

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9
Q

Acne Vulgaris

Integumentary System

A

Regular Cleansing of Affected Area, OTC Benzoyl Peroxide Products, Prescription Medication (topical or oral) Treatment

Cause: Surge of Sex Hormones during Puberty, Excess Sebum on Skin

Symptoms: Black Heads, White Heads (comedos), Papules, Pustules

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10
Q

Alopecia

Integumentary System

A

No Cure, Hair Transplant, Medications Can Slow Progression Treatment

Cause: Often Hereditary, Hormone Change, Chemo, Stress, Burns, Fungal

Symptoms: Loss or Lack of Hair Anywhere, Typically Scalp, Also Eyebrows/Eyelashes

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11
Q

Cellulitis

Integumentary System

A

Oral/Topical Antibiotics, Hospitalization at Risk for Developing Systemic Infection Treatment

Cause: Staphylocccal, Streptococcal Bacterial Infections

Symptoms: Red, Tight Skin, Pain Inflamed Area, Fever

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12
Q

Dermatitis

Integumentary System

A

Treatment Based on Cause:
Corticosteroid Creams, Oral Steroids

Cause: Multiple Causative Agents, Contact with Irritants

Symptoms: Inflammation of Skin Resulting Rash, Pruritus

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13
Q

Eczema

Integumentary System

A

Topical or Systemic Steroids, NSAIDS for Discomfort Treatment

Cause: Unknown (possible allergy or inflammatory condition)

Symptoms: Chronic Dermatitis with Vesicular Eruptions developing into itchy, red, scaly rash

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14
Q

Folliculitis

Integumentary System

A

Regular Cleansing of Affected Area, Topical Antibiotics, Electric Shaver instead of Razor Treatment

Cause: Shaving or Repeated Rubbing of Shaved Area, Bacteria, Fungi

Symptoms: Red, Itchy Hair Follicles (pimple apperance)

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15
Q

Herpes Simplex

Integumentary System

A

No Cure, Antiviral Medication to Decrease Frequency of Outbreaks Treatment

Cause: Contact with Herpes Simplex Virus

Symptoms: Type 1: painful blisters on lips, mouth, and face
Type 2: similar lesions, located genital area

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16
Q

Impetigo

Integumentary System

A

Antibiotics, Frequent Cleansing of Area Treatment

Cause: Staphylococcal, Streptococcal Bacteria

Symptoms: Antibiotics, Frequent Cleansing of Area

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17
Q

Pediculosis

Integumentary System

A

Prescription or OTC Lice Shampoo Treatment

Cause: Parasitic Lice Infestation

Symptoms: Skin Itching, Nits (Eggs), Mostly Near Roots

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18
Q

Psoriasis

Integumentary System

A

Oral NSAIDs, Topical Creams w/ Vit A & D, Hydrocortisone Cream, UV Treatment

Cause: Inherited Autoimmune Disorder

Symptoms: Silvery, Scaly, Severely Itchy Skin, Lesions, Systemic: Joint Pain/ Inflammation (psoriatic arthritis)

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19
Q

Ringworm

Integumentary System

A

Topical, Oral Antifungal Medication Treatment

Cause: Contact with Causative Fungas

Symptoms: Flat, Circular Lesions (dry, scaly, moist, crusty)

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20
Q

Rosacea

Integumentary System

A

Topical Cortisones, Antibiotics, Vascular Laser Therapy Treatment

Cause: Dilation of Small Facial Blood Vessels, Dilation is Unkown

Symptoms: Redness, Acne-like Eruptions on Face

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21
Q

Osteoarthritis

Musculoskeletal System

A

NSAIDs, Intra-articular Injections, Arthroscopy, Joint Replacement Surgery Treatment

Cause: Inflammatory Processes, Metabolic Disorders

Symptoms: Stiff/Painful, Fluid Surrounding, Grating Sound Joints

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22
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Musculoskeletal System

A

NSAIDs, Exercise, Heat/Cold Therapy, Cortisone Injections, Surgery Treatment

Cause: Autoimmune

Symptoms: Destruction of Joint Capsule Causing Scar Tissue to Form, Visible Joint Deformity, Loss of Joint Mobility

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23
Q

Bursitis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Rest, Pain Medication, Steroid Injection, Aspiration of Joint Fluid, Antibiotics Treatment

Cause: Joint Pain and Swelling

Symptoms: Overuse, Joint Trauma, Bacterial Infection

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24
Q

Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of Tumors

Musculoskeletal System

A

Surgery, Chemo, Radiation Therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, Stem Cell Transplant Treatment

Cause: Unknown, Age 10 to 20, Male Sex

Symptoms: Surgery, Chemo, Radiation Therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, Stem Cell Transplant

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25
Q

Gout

Musculoskeletal System

A

Dietary Changes (avoidance of rich, fatty foods), Pain Medications, Medications to Aid Elimination of Uric Acid in Kidneys Treatment

Cause: Deposits of Uric Acid Crystals Accumulate in Joint Spaces

Symptoms: Joint Pain, Common (Big Toe/Knee), Joints, Stiffness, Swelling

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26
Q

Kyphosis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Exercise, Back Bracing, Harrington Rod, Spinal Fusion Treatment

Cause: Growth Retardation, Improper Develpment, Aging Disease

Symptoms: Visible Upper Back Curvature (humpback)

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27
Q

Lordosis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Corrective Shoes, Exercise Treatment

Cause: Injury, Poor Posture, Wearing Heels

Symptoms: Inward Curvature of the Lower Back (swayback)

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28
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta
(brittle bone disease)

Musculoskeletal System

A

Fracture Repair, Surgery w/ Metal Rod, Physical Therapy, Bracing Treatment

Cause: Hereditary

Symptoms: Dental Issues, Fractures at Birth, Loose Joints, Muscle Weakness, Respiratory issues, Blue Sclera of Eye, Triangle-Face, Small Stature, Spinal Curvature

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29
Q

Osteoporosis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Medications, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Exercise, Supplements Treatment

Cause: Hormone Deficiencies, Sedentary Lifestyle, Lack of Vit D, Smoking

Symptoms: Fractures, Common (spine, wrist, hips), Loss of Height, Kyphosis

30
Q

Osteosarcoma

Musculoskeletal System

A

Surgery, Chemo, Radiation, Amputation of Limb Treatment

Cause: Unknown

Symptoms: Pain in Affected Bones, Common (legs), Swelling with Development of Tumor Growth

31
Q

Paget’s Disease

Musculoskeletal System

A

Surgery, Medication, Physical Therapy Treatment

Cause: Hereditary, Viral

Symptoms: Bone Pain, Deformity, Fractures, Excessive Bone Destruction

32
Q

Scoliosis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Back Bracing, Physical Therapy, Surgery w/ Rod Placement Treatment

Cause: Possibly Genetic, Formation of Vertebrae, Muscle Weakness

Symptoms: Bent Appearing Spine (laterally), Back Pain

33
Q

Fibromyalgia

Musculoskeletal System

A

Antidepressants, NSAIDs, Physical Therapy, Trigger Point Injections Treatment

Cause: Unkown, Exacerbated Sleep, Deprivation, Emotional, Depression

Symptoms: Fatigue, Point Tenderness, Trigger Points, Chronic Facial Pain, Sleep Disturbances

34
Q

Muscular Dystrophy

Musculoskeletal System

A

Physical Therapy, Bracing, Ambulatory Devices, Medications Treatment

Cause: Hereditary

Symptoms: Muscle Weakness Leading to Eventual Paralysis of Muscle Groups

35
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Avoiding Excessice Stress, Rest, Eye Patch, Medication Treatment

Cause: Autoimmune

Symptoms: Double Vision, Muscle Weakness, Dysphagia, Difficulty Chewing/Breathing

36
Q

Tendonitis

Musculoskeletal System

A

Rest, Ice, NSAIDs Treatment

Cause: Sports or Activity-Related

Symptoms: Pain in Joints, Limited Range of Motion in Joint

37
Q

Tetanus

Musculoskeletal System

A

Antitoxin and Antibiotic Medications Treatment

Cause: Toxin Produced by Clostridium Tetani

Symptoms: Muscle Spasm in Jaw/Neck, Dyspnea, Fever, Irritability, Sweating, Drooling

38
Q

Hypertension

Cardiovascular System

A

Lifestyle Modifications (diet, exercise, stress, no smoking), Medications Treatment

Cause: Narrowing Arteries, Increased Arterial Pressure, Risk Factors

Symptoms: Excessive Sweating, Fatigue, Muscle Cramps, Headaches, Dizziness

39
Q

Angina

Cardiovascular System

A

Sublingual Nitroglycerin, Underlying Condition Treatment

Cause: Coronary Artery Narrowing, Atherosclerosis

Symptoms: Pain/Tightness in Chest

40
Q

Coronary Artery Disease
(atherosclerosis)

Cardiovascular System

A

Lipid-Lowering Medications, Low-Fat Diet, Exercise, No Smoking, ByPass Treatment

Cause: Build-Up of Fat/Cholesterol, Risk Factors

Symptoms: Usually None until Heart Attack

41
Q

Myocardial Infarction
(heart attack)

Cardiovascular System

A

Aspirin, CPR, Defibrillation, Anticoagulant Medication, Treatment

Cause: Coronary Atery Blockage, Atheroscierosis, Blood Clot

Symptoms: Chest Pain, Shortness of Breath, Diaphoresis, Dizziness, Nausea

42
Q

Aneurysum

Cardiovascular System

A

Surgery Treatment

Cause: Atherosclerosis, Smoking, High-Cholesterol, Obesity

Symptoms: Usually None, Back Pain, Tachycardia, Dizziness

43
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Cardiovascular System

A

Medications (tachycardia, edema, antihypertensive) Treatment

Cause: Smoking, Obesity, Lifestyle, High-Cholesterol, Hypertension

Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Wheezing, Peripheral Edema, Irregular Heartbeat

44
Q

Mitral Valve Prolaspe

Cardiovascular System

A

None for Mild Cases, Medications, Surgery Treatment

Cause: Usually Unknown, Hereditary, Related to Nervous System Disorders

Symptoms: Mild Cases No Symptoms, Severe Cases Shortness of Breath and Palpitations

45
Q

Thrombophlebitis

Cardiovascular System

A

Heat, Compression Stockings, Anticoagulant Medications, Surgery Treatment

Cause: Inactivity, Hormone Replacement, Cancer, Paralysis

Symptoms: Pain in Area, Redness, Swelling

46
Q

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)

Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Antiretroviral Medication, Antibiotics, No Cure

Cause: HIV Virus

Symptoms: Low T-Cell Counts, Fever, Diaphoresis, Infections, Weight Loss

47
Q

Lymphedema

Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Compression Stocking, Lymphedema Pump, Surgery Treatment

Cause: Parasitic Infection, Trauma, Surgical Removal of Lymph Nodes

Symptoms: Persistent Tissue Swelling

48
Q

Mononucleosis

Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Supportive Care Treatment

Cause: Epstein-Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus Treatment

Symptoms: Extereme Fatigue, Sore Throat, Fever

49
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Lymphatic/Immune System

A

NSAIDSs (steroids, topical, creams) Treatment

Cause: Medications, Bacterial Infections, Autoimmune

Symptoms: Fatigue, Body Pain, Butterfly Rash, Headaches, Nausea, Hair Loss, Weight Loss, Anemia, Shortness of Breath

50
Q

Celiac Disease

Lymphatic/Immune System

A

Gluten-free Diet Treatment

Cause: Genetic Defect, Lack of Enzyme of Gluten, Autoimmune Reaction

Symptoms: Weight Loss, Bloating, Loose Stools, Malabsorption

51
Q

Asthma

Respiratory System

A

Avoiding Allergens/Irritants, Inhaler, Steroids, Antagonists, Injection Treatment

Casue: Allergens, Pollutants, Dust Mites, Cigarette Smoke

Symptoms: Wheezing, Coughing, Tightness in Chest

52
Q

Atelectasis

Respiratory System

A

Thoracentesis, Chest Percussion, Deep Breathing Excercises Treatment

Cause: Cystic Fibrosis, COPD, Pleurisy, Lung Cancer, Spontaneous

Symptoms: Dyspnea, Cyanosis, Diaphoresis, Pain

53
Q

Bronchitis

Respiratory System

A

Cough Medicine, Humidifier, Inhalers, Antibiotics Treatment

Cause: Viral, Enviromental Pollutants, Ciagarette Smoke

Symptoms: Yellow-Gray or Green Product, Cough, Chest Tightness, Dyspnea, Fever

54
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)

Respiratory System

A

Stop Smoking, Inhalers, Lung Transplant Treatment

Cause: Smoking, Environmental Pollutants

Symptoms: Dyspnea, Hypoxia, Fatigue, Cough

55
Q

Emphysema

Respiratory System

A

Stop Smoking, Avoid Cold Environments, Antibiotics Treatment

Cause: Damage to Alveoli, Pollutants, Specific Types of Dust

Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Chronic Cough, Fatigue

56
Q

Influenza

Respiratory System

A

Symptomatic, OTC for Aches, Fever, Antiviral Medications Treatment

Cause: Respiratory Virus

Symptoms: Fever, Muscle Pains, Fatigue, Sore Throat, Rhinorrhea

57
Q

Legionnaires’ Disease

Respiratory System

A

Antibiotics, Respiratory Medications, Oxygen, Fever Medications Treatment

Cause; Legionella Bacteria Grow in Water

Symptoms: Dyspnea, Cough, Headache, Fever

58
Q

Pneumonia

Respiratory System

A

Rest, Antibiotics, OTC

Cause: Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic

Symptoms: Thick- Color Sputum, Dyspnea, Fever, Cough

59
Q

Pulmonary Edema

Respiratory System

A

Oxygen Therapy, Diuretics

Cause: Congestive Heart Failure, Myocardial Infarction, Drowning, Injury

Symptoms: Orthopnea, Dyspnea, Wheeze, Productive Cough, Weight Gain, Pallor

60
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

Respiratory System

A

Circulation Support, Rest, Anticoagulant Medication, Surgery Treatment

Cause: Blood clot Blocking Artery in Lung

Symptoms: Dyspnea, Chest Pain, Cough, Fainting, Rapid Shortness, Diaphoresis

61
Q

Severe Acute Respratory Syndrome
(SARS)

Respiratory System

A

Rest, Antiviral Medications

Cause: Viral

Symptoms: Fever, Headaches, Dry Cough

62
Q

Tuberculosis
(TB)

Respiratory System

A

Isolation, Medications Treatment

Cause: Bacterial

Symptoms: Chronic Cough, Weight Loss, Fatigue, Night Sweats, Painful Breathing

63
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

Nervous System

A

Physical Activity, Socialization, Medications, No Cure

Cause: Degenerative Brain Disease, Possibly Genetics

Symptoms: Confusion, Memory Loss, Impaired Judgement, Personality Change, Worsens Over Time

64
Q

Bell’s Palsy

Nervous System

A

NSAIDs, Pain Relievers, Usually Self-Resolving Treatment

Cause: Unknown

Symptoms: Weakness of Facial Muscles, Facial Numbness, Headache

65
Q

Seizures

Nervous System

A

Medications, Surgery Treatment

Cause: Birth Trauma, Infections, Injury, Trauma, Drug Withdraw

Symptoms: Uncontrolled Muscles, Contractions, Loss of Consciousness, Visual Disturbances

66
Q

Meningitis

Nervous System

A

Appropriate Medications, Bacterial Fatal Treatment

Cause: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal Infection,

Symptoms: Stiff Neck, Headache, Fever, Vomiting

67
Q

Multiple Sclerosis
(MS)

Nervous System

A

Supportive, Medications, No Cure

Cause: Viral, Genetic, Immune System Dysfunction

Symptoms: Loss of Ability (walk, speak), Double Vision, Loss of Balance, Weakness in Arms/Legs

68
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

Nervous System

A

Supportive, Medications, No Cure

Cause: Lack of Neurotransmitters, Brain Tumors, Drugs, Head Trauma

Symptoms: Arm/Leg Muscles, Joint Stiffness, Lack of Coordination, Tremor

69
Q

Stroke

Nervous System

A

Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy Treatment

Cause: Blockage of Artery in Neck or Brain

Symptoms: Paralysis, Confusion, Memory Impairment

70
Q

Migraine Headache

Nervous System

A

Medications, Alternative Methods (acupuncture, biofeedback, magnesium) Treatment

Cause: Hormones, Stress, Dietary, Familial

Symptoms: Dull to Throbbing Head, Sensitivity to Light & Sounds, Nausea, Vomitting, Visual Aura

71
Q

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(BPH)

Reproductive System

A

Alpha Blockers, Mini Invasive Surgery, Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) Treatment

Cause: Increased Age, Increased level of dihydrotestosterone

Symptoms: Feeling of Full Bladder after Urinating, Weak Urine Flow, Needing to Urinate Often

72
Q

Hydrocele

Reproductive System

A

Surgery

Cause: Failure of Ingunial Ring to Close Properly in Development

Symptoms: Few, Pain, Increased Size of Scrotum

NHA CCMA Test (22 decks)

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