Pathophysiology and Disease Flashcards
Treatment
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1
Endocrine System
Insulin Treatment
Cause: Unknown (possibly autoimmune, genetic, or environmental)
Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Blurry Vision, Weight Loss, Elevated Blood Glucose
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Endocrine System
Diet Modification, Exercise, Medication, Insulin Therapy Treatment
Cause: Obesity, Inactivity, Genetics
Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Fatigue, Elevated Blood Glucose
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Endocrine System
Weight Loss, Estrogen, and Progestin Treatment
Cause: Unknown (possibly genetic, excessive insulin)
Symptoms: Irregular Menstrual Cycles, Elevated Hormone Levels, Multiple Cysts on Ovaries
Hypothyroidism
Endocrine System
Synthetic Thyroid Hormone Medication (levothyroxine) Treatment
Cause: Autoimmune Disease, Medications, Thyroid Surgery
Symptoms: Fatigue, Weight Gain, Muscle Aches, Bradycardia, Depression, Elevated Cholesterol, Dry Skin
Hyperthyroidism
Endocrine System
Radioactive Iodine, Antithyroid Medication, Beta Blockers, Thyroidectomy Treatment
Cause: Graves Disease, Thyroiditis, Plummer’s Disease
Symptoms: Weight Loss, Tachycardia, Anxiety, Fatigue, Sleep Disruption, Goiter
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)
Integumentary System
Curettage & Electrodessication, Mohs Surgery, Cryosurgery, Laser Therapy Treatment
Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure
Symptoms: New Growth or Sore that DOES NOT Heal
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Integumentary System
Curettage & Electrodessication, Mohs Surgery, Cryosurgery, Lasar Therapy Treatment
Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure, Less Common than BCC
Symptoms: Spreads to Surrounding Tissue, Most Common on Face/Head
Malignant Melanoma
Integumentary System
Depends on Stage of Lesion:
Surgery, Lymph Node Biopsy, Chemotherapy, Radiation Therapy, Immunotherapy Treatment
Cause: Light/Fair Skin, Sun Exposure
Symptoms: Itchy/Bleeding Mole, New Mole, Mole with Chnage
Acne Vulgaris
Integumentary System
Regular Cleansing of Affected Area, OTC Benzoyl Peroxide Products, Prescription Medication (topical or oral) Treatment
Cause: Surge of Sex Hormones during Puberty, Excess Sebum on Skin
Symptoms: Black Heads, White Heads (comedos), Papules, Pustules
Alopecia
Integumentary System
No Cure, Hair Transplant, Medications Can Slow Progression Treatment
Cause: Often Hereditary, Hormone Change, Chemo, Stress, Burns, Fungal
Symptoms: Loss or Lack of Hair Anywhere, Typically Scalp, Also Eyebrows/Eyelashes
Cellulitis
Integumentary System
Oral/Topical Antibiotics, Hospitalization at Risk for Developing Systemic Infection Treatment
Cause: Staphylocccal, Streptococcal Bacterial Infections
Symptoms: Red, Tight Skin, Pain Inflamed Area, Fever
Dermatitis
Integumentary System
Treatment Based on Cause:
Corticosteroid Creams, Oral Steroids
Cause: Multiple Causative Agents, Contact with Irritants
Symptoms: Inflammation of Skin Resulting Rash, Pruritus
Eczema
Integumentary System
Topical or Systemic Steroids, NSAIDS for Discomfort Treatment
Cause: Unknown (possible allergy or inflammatory condition)
Symptoms: Chronic Dermatitis with Vesicular Eruptions developing into itchy, red, scaly rash
Folliculitis
Integumentary System
Regular Cleansing of Affected Area, Topical Antibiotics, Electric Shaver instead of Razor Treatment
Cause: Shaving or Repeated Rubbing of Shaved Area, Bacteria, Fungi
Symptoms: Red, Itchy Hair Follicles (pimple apperance)
Herpes Simplex
Integumentary System
No Cure, Antiviral Medication to Decrease Frequency of Outbreaks Treatment
Cause: Contact with Herpes Simplex Virus
Symptoms: Type 1: painful blisters on lips, mouth, and face
Type 2: similar lesions, located genital area
Impetigo
Integumentary System
Antibiotics, Frequent Cleansing of Area Treatment
Cause: Staphylococcal, Streptococcal Bacteria
Symptoms: Antibiotics, Frequent Cleansing of Area
Pediculosis
Integumentary System
Prescription or OTC Lice Shampoo Treatment
Cause: Parasitic Lice Infestation
Symptoms: Skin Itching, Nits (Eggs), Mostly Near Roots
Psoriasis
Integumentary System
Oral NSAIDs, Topical Creams w/ Vit A & D, Hydrocortisone Cream, UV Treatment
Cause: Inherited Autoimmune Disorder
Symptoms: Silvery, Scaly, Severely Itchy Skin, Lesions, Systemic: Joint Pain/ Inflammation (psoriatic arthritis)
Ringworm
Integumentary System
Topical, Oral Antifungal Medication Treatment
Cause: Contact with Causative Fungas
Symptoms: Flat, Circular Lesions (dry, scaly, moist, crusty)
Rosacea
Integumentary System
Topical Cortisones, Antibiotics, Vascular Laser Therapy Treatment
Cause: Dilation of Small Facial Blood Vessels, Dilation is Unkown
Symptoms: Redness, Acne-like Eruptions on Face
Osteoarthritis
Musculoskeletal System
NSAIDs, Intra-articular Injections, Arthroscopy, Joint Replacement Surgery Treatment
Cause: Inflammatory Processes, Metabolic Disorders
Symptoms: Stiff/Painful, Fluid Surrounding, Grating Sound Joints
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Musculoskeletal System
NSAIDs, Exercise, Heat/Cold Therapy, Cortisone Injections, Surgery Treatment
Cause: Autoimmune
Symptoms: Destruction of Joint Capsule Causing Scar Tissue to Form, Visible Joint Deformity, Loss of Joint Mobility
Bursitis
Musculoskeletal System
Rest, Pain Medication, Steroid Injection, Aspiration of Joint Fluid, Antibiotics Treatment
Cause: Joint Pain and Swelling
Symptoms: Overuse, Joint Trauma, Bacterial Infection
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of Tumors
Musculoskeletal System
Surgery, Chemo, Radiation Therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, Stem Cell Transplant Treatment
Cause: Unknown, Age 10 to 20, Male Sex
Symptoms: Surgery, Chemo, Radiation Therapy, Bone Marrow Transplant, Stem Cell Transplant
Gout
Musculoskeletal System
Dietary Changes (avoidance of rich, fatty foods), Pain Medications, Medications to Aid Elimination of Uric Acid in Kidneys Treatment
Cause: Deposits of Uric Acid Crystals Accumulate in Joint Spaces
Symptoms: Joint Pain, Common (Big Toe/Knee), Joints, Stiffness, Swelling
Kyphosis
Musculoskeletal System
Exercise, Back Bracing, Harrington Rod, Spinal Fusion Treatment
Cause: Growth Retardation, Improper Develpment, Aging Disease
Symptoms: Visible Upper Back Curvature (humpback)
Lordosis
Musculoskeletal System
Corrective Shoes, Exercise Treatment
Cause: Injury, Poor Posture, Wearing Heels
Symptoms: Inward Curvature of the Lower Back (swayback)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
(brittle bone disease)
Musculoskeletal System
Fracture Repair, Surgery w/ Metal Rod, Physical Therapy, Bracing Treatment
Cause: Hereditary
Symptoms: Dental Issues, Fractures at Birth, Loose Joints, Muscle Weakness, Respiratory issues, Blue Sclera of Eye, Triangle-Face, Small Stature, Spinal Curvature
Osteoporosis
Musculoskeletal System
Medications, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Exercise, Supplements Treatment
Cause: Hormone Deficiencies, Sedentary Lifestyle, Lack of Vit D, Smoking
Symptoms: Fractures, Common (spine, wrist, hips), Loss of Height, Kyphosis
Osteosarcoma
Musculoskeletal System
Surgery, Chemo, Radiation, Amputation of Limb Treatment
Cause: Unknown
Symptoms: Pain in Affected Bones, Common (legs), Swelling with Development of Tumor Growth
Paget’s Disease
Musculoskeletal System
Surgery, Medication, Physical Therapy Treatment
Cause: Hereditary, Viral
Symptoms: Bone Pain, Deformity, Fractures, Excessive Bone Destruction
Scoliosis
Musculoskeletal System
Back Bracing, Physical Therapy, Surgery w/ Rod Placement Treatment
Cause: Possibly Genetic, Formation of Vertebrae, Muscle Weakness
Symptoms: Bent Appearing Spine (laterally), Back Pain
Fibromyalgia
Musculoskeletal System
Antidepressants, NSAIDs, Physical Therapy, Trigger Point Injections Treatment
Cause: Unkown, Exacerbated Sleep, Deprivation, Emotional, Depression
Symptoms: Fatigue, Point Tenderness, Trigger Points, Chronic Facial Pain, Sleep Disturbances
Muscular Dystrophy
Musculoskeletal System
Physical Therapy, Bracing, Ambulatory Devices, Medications Treatment
Cause: Hereditary
Symptoms: Muscle Weakness Leading to Eventual Paralysis of Muscle Groups
Myasthenia Gravis
Musculoskeletal System
Avoiding Excessice Stress, Rest, Eye Patch, Medication Treatment
Cause: Autoimmune
Symptoms: Double Vision, Muscle Weakness, Dysphagia, Difficulty Chewing/Breathing
Tendonitis
Musculoskeletal System
Rest, Ice, NSAIDs Treatment
Cause: Sports or Activity-Related
Symptoms: Pain in Joints, Limited Range of Motion in Joint
Tetanus
Musculoskeletal System
Antitoxin and Antibiotic Medications Treatment
Cause: Toxin Produced by Clostridium Tetani
Symptoms: Muscle Spasm in Jaw/Neck, Dyspnea, Fever, Irritability, Sweating, Drooling
Hypertension
Cardiovascular System
Lifestyle Modifications (diet, exercise, stress, no smoking), Medications Treatment
Cause: Narrowing Arteries, Increased Arterial Pressure, Risk Factors
Symptoms: Excessive Sweating, Fatigue, Muscle Cramps, Headaches, Dizziness
Angina
Cardiovascular System
Sublingual Nitroglycerin, Underlying Condition Treatment
Cause: Coronary Artery Narrowing, Atherosclerosis
Symptoms: Pain/Tightness in Chest
Coronary Artery Disease
(atherosclerosis)
Cardiovascular System
Lipid-Lowering Medications, Low-Fat Diet, Exercise, No Smoking, ByPass Treatment
Cause: Build-Up of Fat/Cholesterol, Risk Factors
Symptoms: Usually None until Heart Attack
Myocardial Infarction
(heart attack)
Cardiovascular System
Aspirin, CPR, Defibrillation, Anticoagulant Medication, Treatment
Cause: Coronary Atery Blockage, Atheroscierosis, Blood Clot
Symptoms: Chest Pain, Shortness of Breath, Diaphoresis, Dizziness, Nausea
Aneurysum
Cardiovascular System
Surgery Treatment
Cause: Atherosclerosis, Smoking, High-Cholesterol, Obesity
Symptoms: Usually None, Back Pain, Tachycardia, Dizziness
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
Cardiovascular System
Medications (tachycardia, edema, antihypertensive) Treatment
Cause: Smoking, Obesity, Lifestyle, High-Cholesterol, Hypertension
Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Wheezing, Peripheral Edema, Irregular Heartbeat
Mitral Valve Prolaspe
Cardiovascular System
None for Mild Cases, Medications, Surgery Treatment
Cause: Usually Unknown, Hereditary, Related to Nervous System Disorders
Symptoms: Mild Cases No Symptoms, Severe Cases Shortness of Breath and Palpitations
Thrombophlebitis
Cardiovascular System
Heat, Compression Stockings, Anticoagulant Medications, Surgery Treatment
Cause: Inactivity, Hormone Replacement, Cancer, Paralysis
Symptoms: Pain in Area, Redness, Swelling
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
(AIDS)
Lymphatic/Immune System
Antiretroviral Medication, Antibiotics, No Cure
Cause: HIV Virus
Symptoms: Low T-Cell Counts, Fever, Diaphoresis, Infections, Weight Loss
Lymphedema
Lymphatic/Immune System
Compression Stocking, Lymphedema Pump, Surgery Treatment
Cause: Parasitic Infection, Trauma, Surgical Removal of Lymph Nodes
Symptoms: Persistent Tissue Swelling
Mononucleosis
Lymphatic/Immune System
Supportive Care Treatment
Cause: Epstein-Barr Virus, Cytomegalovirus Treatment
Symptoms: Extereme Fatigue, Sore Throat, Fever
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Lymphatic/Immune System
NSAIDSs (steroids, topical, creams) Treatment
Cause: Medications, Bacterial Infections, Autoimmune
Symptoms: Fatigue, Body Pain, Butterfly Rash, Headaches, Nausea, Hair Loss, Weight Loss, Anemia, Shortness of Breath
Celiac Disease
Lymphatic/Immune System
Gluten-free Diet Treatment
Cause: Genetic Defect, Lack of Enzyme of Gluten, Autoimmune Reaction
Symptoms: Weight Loss, Bloating, Loose Stools, Malabsorption
Asthma
Respiratory System
Avoiding Allergens/Irritants, Inhaler, Steroids, Antagonists, Injection Treatment
Casue: Allergens, Pollutants, Dust Mites, Cigarette Smoke
Symptoms: Wheezing, Coughing, Tightness in Chest
Atelectasis
Respiratory System
Thoracentesis, Chest Percussion, Deep Breathing Excercises Treatment
Cause: Cystic Fibrosis, COPD, Pleurisy, Lung Cancer, Spontaneous
Symptoms: Dyspnea, Cyanosis, Diaphoresis, Pain
Bronchitis
Respiratory System
Cough Medicine, Humidifier, Inhalers, Antibiotics Treatment
Cause: Viral, Enviromental Pollutants, Ciagarette Smoke
Symptoms: Yellow-Gray or Green Product, Cough, Chest Tightness, Dyspnea, Fever
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
(COPD)
Respiratory System
Stop Smoking, Inhalers, Lung Transplant Treatment
Cause: Smoking, Environmental Pollutants
Symptoms: Dyspnea, Hypoxia, Fatigue, Cough
Emphysema
Respiratory System
Stop Smoking, Avoid Cold Environments, Antibiotics Treatment
Cause: Damage to Alveoli, Pollutants, Specific Types of Dust
Symptoms: Shortness of Breath, Chronic Cough, Fatigue
Influenza
Respiratory System
Symptomatic, OTC for Aches, Fever, Antiviral Medications Treatment
Cause: Respiratory Virus
Symptoms: Fever, Muscle Pains, Fatigue, Sore Throat, Rhinorrhea
Legionnaires’ Disease
Respiratory System
Antibiotics, Respiratory Medications, Oxygen, Fever Medications Treatment
Cause; Legionella Bacteria Grow in Water
Symptoms: Dyspnea, Cough, Headache, Fever
Pneumonia
Respiratory System
Rest, Antibiotics, OTC
Cause: Bacterial, Viral, Parasitic
Symptoms: Thick- Color Sputum, Dyspnea, Fever, Cough
Pulmonary Edema
Respiratory System
Oxygen Therapy, Diuretics
Cause: Congestive Heart Failure, Myocardial Infarction, Drowning, Injury
Symptoms: Orthopnea, Dyspnea, Wheeze, Productive Cough, Weight Gain, Pallor
Pulmonary Embolism
Respiratory System
Circulation Support, Rest, Anticoagulant Medication, Surgery Treatment
Cause: Blood clot Blocking Artery in Lung
Symptoms: Dyspnea, Chest Pain, Cough, Fainting, Rapid Shortness, Diaphoresis
Severe Acute Respratory Syndrome
(SARS)
Respiratory System
Rest, Antiviral Medications
Cause: Viral
Symptoms: Fever, Headaches, Dry Cough
Tuberculosis
(TB)
Respiratory System
Isolation, Medications Treatment
Cause: Bacterial
Symptoms: Chronic Cough, Weight Loss, Fatigue, Night Sweats, Painful Breathing
Alzheimer’s Disease
Nervous System
Physical Activity, Socialization, Medications, No Cure
Cause: Degenerative Brain Disease, Possibly Genetics
Symptoms: Confusion, Memory Loss, Impaired Judgement, Personality Change, Worsens Over Time
Bell’s Palsy
Nervous System
NSAIDs, Pain Relievers, Usually Self-Resolving Treatment
Cause: Unknown
Symptoms: Weakness of Facial Muscles, Facial Numbness, Headache
Seizures
Nervous System
Medications, Surgery Treatment
Cause: Birth Trauma, Infections, Injury, Trauma, Drug Withdraw
Symptoms: Uncontrolled Muscles, Contractions, Loss of Consciousness, Visual Disturbances
Meningitis
Nervous System
Appropriate Medications, Bacterial Fatal Treatment
Cause: Bacterial, Viral, Fungal Infection,
Symptoms: Stiff Neck, Headache, Fever, Vomiting
Multiple Sclerosis
(MS)
Nervous System
Supportive, Medications, No Cure
Cause: Viral, Genetic, Immune System Dysfunction
Symptoms: Loss of Ability (walk, speak), Double Vision, Loss of Balance, Weakness in Arms/Legs
Parkinson’s Disease
Nervous System
Supportive, Medications, No Cure
Cause: Lack of Neurotransmitters, Brain Tumors, Drugs, Head Trauma
Symptoms: Arm/Leg Muscles, Joint Stiffness, Lack of Coordination, Tremor
Stroke
Nervous System
Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech Therapy Treatment
Cause: Blockage of Artery in Neck or Brain
Symptoms: Paralysis, Confusion, Memory Impairment
Migraine Headache
Nervous System
Medications, Alternative Methods (acupuncture, biofeedback, magnesium) Treatment
Cause: Hormones, Stress, Dietary, Familial
Symptoms: Dull to Throbbing Head, Sensitivity to Light & Sounds, Nausea, Vomitting, Visual Aura
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
(BPH)
Reproductive System
Alpha Blockers, Mini Invasive Surgery, Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) Treatment
Cause: Increased Age, Increased level of dihydrotestosterone
Symptoms: Feeling of Full Bladder after Urinating, Weak Urine Flow, Needing to Urinate Often
Hydrocele
Reproductive System
Surgery
Cause: Failure of Ingunial Ring to Close Properly in Development
Symptoms: Few, Pain, Increased Size of Scrotum
