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NHA CCMA Test > Module 6: Body Structures/Organ Systems > Flashcards

Module 6: Body Structures/Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

Organ

A

body tissues that work together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

System

A

multiple organs working together to perform a complex function

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3
Q

Structure of Organ System

A

Cell to Tissue to Organ to Organ System

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4
Q

Anatomical Position

A

standing erect, arms at the sides of the body with eyes and palms facing forward, legs parallel with toes pointing forward

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5
Q

Anatomical Position

A

standing erect, arms at the sides of the body with eyes and palms facing forward, legs parallel with toes pointing forward

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6
Q

Superior

cranial

A

above or closer to the head

the esophagus is superior to the stomach

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7
Q

Inferior

caudal

A

below or closer to the feet

the bladder is inferior to the kidneys

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8
Q

Anterior

ventral

A

toward the front of the body

the sternum is anterior to the spine

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9
Q

Posterior

dorsal

A

toward the back of the body

the sacrum is posterior to the pubis symphysis

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10
Q

Medial

A

closer to the midline of the body

the tibia is the medial bone of lower leg

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11
Q

Lateral

A

further away from the midline of the body

the radius is lateral to the ulna

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12
Q

Proximal

A

closer to the trunk of the body

the proximal femur articulates with the pelvis to form the hip joint

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13
Q

Distal

A

farther away from the trunk

the distal humerus helps to form the elbow

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14
Q

Superficial

A

closer to the surface of the body

veins are superficial to arteries

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15
Q

Deep

A

farther from the body’s surface

arteries are deeper than veins

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16
Q

Sagittal Plane

Planes of the Body

A

divides the body into left and right sides

Midsagittal refers to an equal divison of left and right sides, running along the midline of the body

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17
Q

Transverse Plane

Planes of the Body

A

divides the body into upper and lower sections, not necessarily equally

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18
Q

Frontal Planr

coronal plane

Planes of the Body

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

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19
Q

Cranial Cavity

Body Cavities

A

within the bony cranium, houses the meninges (brain)

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20
Q

Spinal Cavity

Body Cavities

A

continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back

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21
Q

Thoracic Cavity

Body Cavities

A

within the chest, houses the lungs, heart, and major vessels

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22
Q

Abdominal Cavity

Body Cavities

A

within the abdomen, houses several major organs

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23
Q

Pelvic Cavity

Body Cavities

A

inferior to the abdominal cavity, houses the bladder

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24
Q

Right Upper Quadrant

Body Quadrants

A

RUQ

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25
Q

Left Upper Quadrant

Body Quadrants

A

LUQ

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26
Q

Right Lower Quadrant

Body Quadrants

A

RLQ

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27
Q

Left Lower Quadrant

Body Quadrants

A

LLQ

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28
Q

Nine Body Regions

A

Right Hypochodriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Epigastric Region
Umbilical Region
Hypogastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left Lumbar Region
Left Iliac Region

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29
Q

Homeostasis

A

a balanced, stable state within the body

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30
Q

Skin

Integumentary System

A

responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production

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31
Q

Hair Follicles

Integumentary System

A

generate hair

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32
Q

Sebaceous Glands

Oil

Integumentary System

A

produce sebum to keep skin and hair soft, and prevent bacteria from growing on the skin

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33
Q

Fingernails and Toenails

Integumentary System

A

protect the ends of fingers and toes

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34
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

Sweat

Integumentary System

A

produce sweat to aid in cooling the body

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35
Q

Epidermis Layer

Integumentary System

A

outermost layer of epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body

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36
Q

Dermis Layer

Integumentary System

A

thick layer beneath the dermis that contains arteries, veins, nerves

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37
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue and lipocytes

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38
Q

Integumentary System

A

protection: first line of defense
temperature regulation: aiding warm or cooling
excretion: aids loss of water and minerals
sensation: nerve receptors (heat, cold, pain)
vitamin D: from sun exposure, absorb calcium

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39
Q

Axial Skeleton

Skeletal System

A

adult skeleton has 80 bones

skull, vertebrae, ribs

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40
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

Skeletal System

A

adult appendicular skeleton has 126 bones

arms, legs, pelvic girdle

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41
Q

Ligament

Skeletal System

A

attaches bone to bone for joint stability

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42
Q

Long Bones

A

have epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity (yellow bone marrow) allow movement without friction

femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius

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43
Q

Short Bones

A

found in wrists/ankles, typically small, round

carpals, tarsals

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44
Q

Flat Bones

A

majority of surface area is flat or slightly curved

skull, ribs

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45
Q

Irregular Bones

A

unusual shape that is typically related to their function

vertebrae, pelvis

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46
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

small, round bones found in joints that are held in place by tendons

patella

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47
Q

Upper Extremities

A

scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

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48
Q

Lower Extremities

A

pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

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49
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

skull, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs

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50
Q

Skeletal Muscle

Muscular System

A

responsible for body movement, and is also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle

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51
Q

Smooth Muscle

Muscular System

A

found within the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and in the iris of the eye

involuntary muscle

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52
Q

Cardiac Muscle

Muscular System

A

found only in the heart, cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom in order to pump blood

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53
Q

Tendon

A

ends of skeletal muscles that attach the muscle to a bone

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54
Q

Lymph Nodes

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

small, glandular structure concentrated in neck, axilla, groin, which produce/store lymphocytes, are home to macrophages that filter lymph

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55
Q

Lymph Nodules

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages/lymphocytes, not encapsulated like lymph nodes

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56
Q

Thymus

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

located posterior to the sternum, large in children thenstrinks after adolescence, responsible for production/maturation of T-cells

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57
Q

Spleen

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

largest lymphoid organ, located in upper-left abdominal quadrant, it is home to macrophages that filter the blood

58
Q

Interstitial Fluid

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

tissue fluid found between cells, once collected/filtered, called lymph

59
Q

Antibody

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

protein the body creates in response to specific antigens

60
Q

Immunoglobulins

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

antibodies

61
Q

B-Cells

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens/responds by turning into plasma cells

create antibodies against specific antigens

62
Q

T-Cells

Immune and Lymphatic System

A

type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens/attaches to them to attack invading cells directly

63
Q

Monocytes

A

engulf/destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies

64
Q

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

A

occurs when a person has infectious disease and then advelops antibodies against pathogen that caused disease, antibodies have memory that prevents future infections by same pathogen

65
Q

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

A

type of immunity is result of giving vaccination, antibodies are activated by vaccine/develop memory to recognize pathogen in future

66
Q

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

A

short-lasting immunity passed from mother to child through placenta/breast milk

67
Q

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

A

short-lasting immunity, this created by giving exposed person antibodies from person who has previosly had disease

68
Q

Cardiovasular System

A

heart: pump blood through body
artery/arteriole: blood away from heart
vein/venule: blood towards heart
capillary: smallest; exchange between blood/body cells
endocardium: innermost layer that lines (atria, ventricles, and valves of heart)
myocardium: muscular layer of the heart
pericardium: outermost layer membrane surrounds heart;secretes pericardial fluid

69
Q

Anatomy of the Heart

A

right atrium
pulmonary valve
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
left atrium
bicuspid valve
aortic valve
left ventricle

70
Q

Kidney

Urinary System

A

located on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae.

responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine

71
Q

Ureters

Urinary System

A

long tubes responsible for carrying urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

72
Q

Urinary Bladder

Urinary System

A

small muscular sac located within pelvic cavity is responsible for strong urine

73
Q

Urethra

A

tube responsible for carrying urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

longer in males

74
Q

Mouth

oral cavity

Gastroinestinal System

A

responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva)

75
Q

Pharynx

Gastroinestinal System

A

throat or passageway for food between oral cavity and the esophagus

76
Q

Esophagus

Gastroinestinal System

A

muscular tube connecting the mouth ro stomach

wave like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into stomach

77
Q

Stomach

Gastroinestinal System

A

located below diaphragm in LUQ of ab cavity, receives food from esophagus then breakdown gastric juices

contains rugae

78
Q

Small Intestine

Gastroinestinal System

A

take up most space in ab cavity, primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients

divide into sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

79
Q

Large Intestine

colon

Gastroinestinal System

A

absorption is completed here, feces is formed from solid waste products

divide into sections: cecum (connects to ileum; appendix located), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

80
Q

Rectum

Gastroinestinal System

A

end of the colon stores deces until defecation

81
Q

Anus

Gastroinestinal System

A

end of rectum, opens to the outside of body to allow elimination of feces

82
Q

Liver

Gastroinestinal System

A

large organ located in RUQ of ab

produce bile needed to breakdown fats

83
Q

Gall Bladder

Gastroinestinal System

A

located inferior to liver, stores bile and onects to duodenum

84
Q

Pancreas

Gastroinestinal System

A

posterior to stomach, connects to duodenum

produces enzymes that aid with digestion

85
Q

Nose

Respiratory System

A

made of bones, cartilage, skin

small hairs called cilia prevent large particles from entering

86
Q

Pharynx

Respiratory System

A

during respiration, air enters through the nose/mouth into pharynx

87
Q

Larynx

Respiratory System

A

superior to trachea

produces a person’s voice

88
Q

Trachea

windpipe

Respiratory System

A

extends from larynx/branches into bronchi lined with cilia

89
Q

Lungs

Respiratory System

A

two cone shaped organs located in chest

bronchi, alveoli, blood vessels

right lung is larger and dvided into 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes
both lungs surrounded membrane called pleura

90
Q

Brain

Nervous System

A

coordinates most body activites, and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, judgement

divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

91
Q

Spinal Cord

Nervous System

A

provides pathway for nerve impulses travelling to and the brain, extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column

92
Q

Peripheral Nerves

Nervous System

A

includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from spinal cord

carries signals between the body and the brain

93
Q

Neuron

Nervous System

A

functional unit of the nervous system

94
Q

Dendrites

Nervous System

A

multiple branching structures

95
Q

Nucleus

Nervous System

A

directs cellular activites

96
Q

Cytoplasm

Nervous System

A

produces neurotransmiters and energy for the neuron

97
Q

Axon

Nervous System

A

stores neurotransmitters

98
Q

Endocrine System

Aldosterone

cortex

Adrenal Glands

A

Regulates Electrolyes and Fluid Volume

99
Q

Endocrine System

Cortisol

cortex

Adrenal Glands

A

Regulates Carbohydrates

100
Q

Endocrine System

Epinephrine

medulla

Adrenal Glands

A

Flight-or-Flight Response

101
Q

Endocrine System

Norepinephrine

medulla

Adrenal Glands

A

Vasoconstrictor

102
Q

Endocrine System

Antidiuretic Hormone

produces

Hypothalamus

A

Stimulates reabsorption of water in kidneys

103
Q

Endocrine System

Oxytocin

produces

Hypothalamus

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk

104
Q

Endocrine System

Estrogen

Ovaries

A

Development of secondary sex characteristics in females, regulates menses

105
Q

Endocrine System

Progesterone

Ovaries

A

Prepares the body for pregnancy

106
Q

Endocrine System

Glucagon

Alpha Cells

Pancreas

A

Increases Blood Sugar

107
Q

Endocrine System

Insulin

Beta Cells

Pancreas

A

Decreases Blood Sugar

108
Q

Endocrine System

Parathyroid Hormone

Parathyroid Gland

A

Regulates Calcium

109
Q

Endocrine System

Melatonin

Pineal Gland

A

Regulates onset of puberty, biological clock

110
Q

Endocrine System

Growth Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

A

Stimulates Body Growth

111
Q

Endocrine System

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

A

Stimulates Skin Pigment

112
Q

Endocrine System

Adrencorticotropic Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

A

Regulates Adrenal Cortex

113
Q

Endocrine System

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

A

Regulates Thyroid Gland

114
Q

Endocrine System

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

A

Stimulates growth of ova and sperm

115
Q

Endocrine System

Luteinizing Hormone/Prolactin

Pituitary Gland, Anterior

A

Stimulates ovulation (females)
Testosterone (males)

116
Q

Endocrine System

Antidiuretic Hormone

releases

Pituitary Gland, Posterior

A

Stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys

117
Q

Endocrine System

Oxytocin

releases

Pituitary Gland, Posterior

A

Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk

118
Q

Endocrine System

Testosterone

Testes

A

Sperm production, secondary sex characteristics in male

119
Q

Endocrine System

Thymosin

Thymus

A

Development of cells in the immune system

120
Q

Endocrine System

T3/T4

Thyroid Gland

A

Cellular Metabolism

121
Q

Endocrine System

Calcitonin

Thyroid Gland

A

Increases bone calcium

122
Q

Reproductive System

Testes

A

produce sperm/testosterone

located below pelvic cavity on outside of body within scrotum

123
Q

Reproductive System

Scrotum

A

pouch of skin that houses the testes

124
Q

Reproductive System

Penis

A

external cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine/semen out of body

125
Q

Reproductive System

Epididymis

A

coiled tube located superior to each teste, responsible for maturation of sperm cells

126
Q

Reproductive System

Vas deferens

A

connects the epididymis to the urethra

127
Q

Reproductive System

Seminal vesicles

A

sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid

fluid stimulates muscle contractions in female reproductive organs aid in propelling sperm forward

128
Q

Reproductive System

Prostate Gland

A

surrounds the proximal urethra, contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm

secretes fluid that proects sperm within vagina

129
Q

Reproductive System

Bulbourethral Glands

cowper’s glands

A

inferior to the prostate gland, secrete fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse

130
Q

Reproductive System

Androgens

A

group of male sex hormones

131
Q

Reproductive System

Testosterone

A

most abundant/biologically active of male sex hormones

132
Q

Reproductive System

Ovaries

A

pair of oval shaped organs located within pelvic cavity

produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone

133
Q

Reproductive System

Fallopian Tubes

A

muscular tubes with proximal opening near each ovary, connects distally to uterus

receives egg during ovulation

134
Q

Reproductive System

Uterus

A

hollow muscular organ, lies low in pelvic cavity, receives fertilized egg, which implants into uterine wall for fetal development

135
Q

Reproductive System

Vagina

A

muscular tube extending from uterus to outside of body

expands during childbirth/intercourse

136
Q

Reproductive System

Labia Mijora

A

folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external female genitalia

137
Q

Reproductive System

Labia Minora

A

folds of skin within the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation, forms a hood over clitoris

138
Q

Reproductive System

Clitoris

A

highly sensitive female erectile tissue located anterior to urethra

139
Q

Reproductive System

Perineum

A

area between vagina and anus

140
Q

Reproductive System

Estrogen

A

group of female sex hormones

141
Q

Reproductive System

Progesterone

A

hormone secreted by ovaries

142
Q

Reproductive System

Estradiol

A

most abundant/biologically active female hormone

NHA CCMA Test (22 decks)

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