Module 6: Body Structures/Organ Systems Flashcards
Organ
body tissues that work together to perform a specific function
System
multiple organs working together to perform a complex function
Structure of Organ System
Cell to Tissue to Organ to Organ System
Anatomical Position
standing erect, arms at the sides of the body with eyes and palms facing forward, legs parallel with toes pointing forward
Anatomical Position
standing erect, arms at the sides of the body with eyes and palms facing forward, legs parallel with toes pointing forward
Superior
cranial
above or closer to the head
the esophagus is superior to the stomach
Inferior
caudal
below or closer to the feet
the bladder is inferior to the kidneys
Anterior
ventral
toward the front of the body
the sternum is anterior to the spine
Posterior
dorsal
toward the back of the body
the sacrum is posterior to the pubis symphysis
Medial
closer to the midline of the body
the tibia is the medial bone of lower leg
Lateral
further away from the midline of the body
the radius is lateral to the ulna
Proximal
closer to the trunk of the body
the proximal femur articulates with the pelvis to form the hip joint
Distal
farther away from the trunk
the distal humerus helps to form the elbow
Superficial
closer to the surface of the body
veins are superficial to arteries
Deep
farther from the body’s surface
arteries are deeper than veins
Sagittal Plane
Planes of the Body
divides the body into left and right sides
Midsagittal refers to an equal divison of left and right sides, running along the midline of the body
Transverse Plane
Planes of the Body
divides the body into upper and lower sections, not necessarily equally
Frontal Planr
coronal plane
Planes of the Body
divides the body into anterior and posterior sections
Cranial Cavity
Body Cavities
within the bony cranium, houses the meninges (brain)
Spinal Cavity
Body Cavities
continuation of the cranial cavity as it travels down the midline of the back
Thoracic Cavity
Body Cavities
within the chest, houses the lungs, heart, and major vessels
Abdominal Cavity
Body Cavities
within the abdomen, houses several major organs
Pelvic Cavity
Body Cavities
inferior to the abdominal cavity, houses the bladder
Right Upper Quadrant
Body Quadrants
RUQ
Left Upper Quadrant
Body Quadrants
LUQ
Right Lower Quadrant
Body Quadrants
RLQ
Left Lower Quadrant
Body Quadrants
LLQ
Nine Body Regions
Right Hypochodriac Region
Right Lumbar Region
Right Iliac Region
Epigastric Region
Umbilical Region
Hypogastric Region
Left Hypochondriac Region
Left Lumbar Region
Left Iliac Region
Homeostasis
a balanced, stable state within the body
Skin
Integumentary System
responsible for protection, temperature regulation, sensation, excretion, and vitamin D production
Hair Follicles
Integumentary System
generate hair
Sebaceous Glands
Oil
Integumentary System
produce sebum to keep skin and hair soft, and prevent bacteria from growing on the skin
Fingernails and Toenails
Integumentary System
protect the ends of fingers and toes
Sudoriferous Glands
Sweat
Integumentary System
produce sweat to aid in cooling the body
Epidermis Layer
Integumentary System
outermost layer of epithelial tissue, covers the external surface of the body
Dermis Layer
Integumentary System
thick layer beneath the dermis that contains arteries, veins, nerves
Subcutaneous Layer
loose, connective tissue composed of adipose tissue and lipocytes
Integumentary System
protection: first line of defense
temperature regulation: aiding warm or cooling
excretion: aids loss of water and minerals
sensation: nerve receptors (heat, cold, pain)
vitamin D: from sun exposure, absorb calcium
Axial Skeleton
Skeletal System
adult skeleton has 80 bones
skull, vertebrae, ribs
Appendicular Skeleton
Skeletal System
adult appendicular skeleton has 126 bones
arms, legs, pelvic girdle
Ligament
Skeletal System
attaches bone to bone for joint stability
Long Bones
have epiphysis, diaphysis, medullary cavity (yellow bone marrow) allow movement without friction
femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, ulna, radius
Short Bones
found in wrists/ankles, typically small, round
carpals, tarsals
Flat Bones
majority of surface area is flat or slightly curved
skull, ribs
Irregular Bones
unusual shape that is typically related to their function
vertebrae, pelvis
Sesamoid Bones
small, round bones found in joints that are held in place by tendons
patella
Upper Extremities
scapula, clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
Lower Extremities
pelvic girdle, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Axial Skeleton
skull, cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, ribs
Skeletal Muscle
Muscular System
responsible for body movement, and is also called voluntary muscle or striated muscle
Smooth Muscle
Muscular System
found within the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and in the iris of the eye
involuntary muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Muscular System
found only in the heart, cross-fibered to allow the heart to contract from the top and bottom in order to pump blood
Tendon
ends of skeletal muscles that attach the muscle to a bone
Lymph Nodes
Immune and Lymphatic System
small, glandular structure concentrated in neck, axilla, groin, which produce/store lymphocytes, are home to macrophages that filter lymph
Lymph Nodules
Immune and Lymphatic System
masses of lymphoid tissue comprised of macrophages/lymphocytes, not encapsulated like lymph nodes
Thymus
Immune and Lymphatic System
located posterior to the sternum, large in children thenstrinks after adolescence, responsible for production/maturation of T-cells
Spleen
Immune and Lymphatic System
largest lymphoid organ, located in upper-left abdominal quadrant, it is home to macrophages that filter the blood
Interstitial Fluid
Immune and Lymphatic System
tissue fluid found between cells, once collected/filtered, called lymph
Antibody
Immune and Lymphatic System
protein the body creates in response to specific antigens
Immunoglobulins
Immune and Lymphatic System
antibodies
B-Cells
Immune and Lymphatic System
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens/responds by turning into plasma cells
create antibodies against specific antigens
T-Cells
Immune and Lymphatic System
type of lymphocyte that can recognize antigens/attaches to them to attack invading cells directly
Monocytes
engulf/destroy pathogens that have been coagulated with antibodies
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
occurs when a person has infectious disease and then advelops antibodies against pathogen that caused disease, antibodies have memory that prevents future infections by same pathogen
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
type of immunity is result of giving vaccination, antibodies are activated by vaccine/develop memory to recognize pathogen in future
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
short-lasting immunity passed from mother to child through placenta/breast milk
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
short-lasting immunity, this created by giving exposed person antibodies from person who has previosly had disease
Cardiovasular System
heart: pump blood through body
artery/arteriole: blood away from heart
vein/venule: blood towards heart
capillary: smallest; exchange between blood/body cells
endocardium: innermost layer that lines (atria, ventricles, and valves of heart)
myocardium: muscular layer of the heart
pericardium: outermost layer membrane surrounds heart;secretes pericardial fluid
Anatomy of the Heart
right atrium
pulmonary valve
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
left atrium
bicuspid valve
aortic valve
left ventricle
Kidney
Urinary System
located on either side of the vertebral column at the level of the top lumbar vertebrae.
responsible for removing waste from the blood and producing urine
Ureters
Urinary System
long tubes responsible for carrying urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
Urinary System
small muscular sac located within pelvic cavity is responsible for strong urine
Urethra
tube responsible for carrying urine from urinary bladder to outside of body
longer in males
Mouth
oral cavity
Gastroinestinal System
responsible for initiating digestion, both mechanical (chewing) and chemical (saliva)
Pharynx
Gastroinestinal System
throat or passageway for food between oral cavity and the esophagus
Esophagus
Gastroinestinal System
muscular tube connecting the mouth ro stomach
wave like contractions called peristalsis to propel food into stomach
Stomach
Gastroinestinal System
located below diaphragm in LUQ of ab cavity, receives food from esophagus then breakdown gastric juices
contains rugae
Small Intestine
Gastroinestinal System
take up most space in ab cavity, primarily responsible for absorption of nutrients
divide into sections: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Large Intestine
colon
Gastroinestinal System
absorption is completed here, feces is formed from solid waste products
divide into sections: cecum (connects to ileum; appendix located), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon
Rectum
Gastroinestinal System
end of the colon stores deces until defecation
Anus
Gastroinestinal System
end of rectum, opens to the outside of body to allow elimination of feces
Liver
Gastroinestinal System
large organ located in RUQ of ab
produce bile needed to breakdown fats
Gall Bladder
Gastroinestinal System
located inferior to liver, stores bile and onects to duodenum
Pancreas
Gastroinestinal System
posterior to stomach, connects to duodenum
produces enzymes that aid with digestion
Nose
Respiratory System
made of bones, cartilage, skin
small hairs called cilia prevent large particles from entering
Pharynx
Respiratory System
during respiration, air enters through the nose/mouth into pharynx
Larynx
Respiratory System
superior to trachea
produces a person’s voice
Trachea
windpipe
Respiratory System
extends from larynx/branches into bronchi lined with cilia
Lungs
Respiratory System
two cone shaped organs located in chest
bronchi, alveoli, blood vessels
right lung is larger and dvided into 3 lobes
left lung has 2 lobes
both lungs surrounded membrane called pleura
Brain
Nervous System
coordinates most body activites, and is the control center for the body as well as thought, emotion, judgement
divided into 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Spinal Cord
Nervous System
provides pathway for nerve impulses travelling to and the brain, extends from the base of the brain to the lumbar vertebrae through the vertebral column
Peripheral Nerves
Nervous System
includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves branching off from spinal cord
carries signals between the body and the brain
Neuron
Nervous System
functional unit of the nervous system
Dendrites
Nervous System
multiple branching structures
Nucleus
Nervous System
directs cellular activites
Cytoplasm
Nervous System
produces neurotransmiters and energy for the neuron
Axon
Nervous System
stores neurotransmitters
Endocrine System
Aldosterone
cortex
Adrenal Glands
Regulates Electrolyes and Fluid Volume
Endocrine System
Cortisol
cortex
Adrenal Glands
Regulates Carbohydrates
Endocrine System
Epinephrine
medulla
Adrenal Glands
Flight-or-Flight Response
Endocrine System
Norepinephrine
medulla
Adrenal Glands
Vasoconstrictor
Endocrine System
Antidiuretic Hormone
produces
Hypothalamus
Stimulates reabsorption of water in kidneys
Endocrine System
Oxytocin
produces
Hypothalamus
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk
Endocrine System
Estrogen
Ovaries
Development of secondary sex characteristics in females, regulates menses
Endocrine System
Progesterone
Ovaries
Prepares the body for pregnancy
Endocrine System
Glucagon
Alpha Cells
Pancreas
Increases Blood Sugar
Endocrine System
Insulin
Beta Cells
Pancreas
Decreases Blood Sugar
Endocrine System
Parathyroid Hormone
Parathyroid Gland
Regulates Calcium
Endocrine System
Melatonin
Pineal Gland
Regulates onset of puberty, biological clock
Endocrine System
Growth Hormone
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates Body Growth
Endocrine System
Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates Skin Pigment
Endocrine System
Adrencorticotropic Hormone
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Regulates Adrenal Cortex
Endocrine System
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Regulates Thyroid Gland
Endocrine System
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates growth of ova and sperm
Endocrine System
Luteinizing Hormone/Prolactin
Pituitary Gland, Anterior
Stimulates ovulation (females)
Testosterone (males)
Endocrine System
Antidiuretic Hormone
releases
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
Stimulates reabsorption of water by the kidneys
Endocrine System
Oxytocin
releases
Pituitary Gland, Posterior
Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and release of breast milk
Endocrine System
Testosterone
Testes
Sperm production, secondary sex characteristics in male
Endocrine System
Thymosin
Thymus
Development of cells in the immune system
Endocrine System
T3/T4
Thyroid Gland
Cellular Metabolism
Endocrine System
Calcitonin
Thyroid Gland
Increases bone calcium
Reproductive System
Testes
produce sperm/testosterone
located below pelvic cavity on outside of body within scrotum
Reproductive System
Scrotum
pouch of skin that houses the testes
Reproductive System
Penis
external cylinder-shaped organ that moves urine/semen out of body
Reproductive System
Epididymis
coiled tube located superior to each teste, responsible for maturation of sperm cells
Reproductive System
Vas deferens
connects the epididymis to the urethra
Reproductive System
Seminal vesicles
sac-like organs that secrete seminal fluid
fluid stimulates muscle contractions in female reproductive organs aid in propelling sperm forward
Reproductive System
Prostate Gland
surrounds the proximal urethra, contracts during ejaculation to aid in forward movement of sperm
secretes fluid that proects sperm within vagina
Reproductive System
Bulbourethral Glands
cowper’s glands
inferior to the prostate gland, secrete fluid to lubricate the end of the penis to prepare for intercourse
Reproductive System
Androgens
group of male sex hormones
Reproductive System
Testosterone
most abundant/biologically active of male sex hormones
Reproductive System
Ovaries
pair of oval shaped organs located within pelvic cavity
produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone
Reproductive System
Fallopian Tubes
muscular tubes with proximal opening near each ovary, connects distally to uterus
receives egg during ovulation
Reproductive System
Uterus
hollow muscular organ, lies low in pelvic cavity, receives fertilized egg, which implants into uterine wall for fetal development
Reproductive System
Vagina
muscular tube extending from uterus to outside of body
expands during childbirth/intercourse
Reproductive System
Labia Mijora
folds of skin and adipose tissue that protect other external female genitalia
Reproductive System
Labia Minora
folds of skin within the labia majora, pinkish in color due to high blood circulation, forms a hood over clitoris
Reproductive System
Clitoris
highly sensitive female erectile tissue located anterior to urethra
Reproductive System
Perineum
area between vagina and anus
Reproductive System
Estrogen
group of female sex hormones
Reproductive System
Progesterone
hormone secreted by ovaries
Reproductive System
Estradiol
most abundant/biologically active female hormone
