Pathomorphology - tumors, general pathology on microscopy Flashcards
What is Papilloma planocellulare?
Cutaneous papillomatosis, a papilloma is a benign neoplasm of stratified squamous epithelium
caused by papilloma virus and affect many mammalian species.
cauliflower-like
exophytic
keratinized
What is a Cystadenoma?
cystic adenoma of the mammary gland arising from epithelial cells
two basic histology types: intraductal and lobular.
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papilloma planocellulare
benign papilloma, stratified squamous epithelium with keratinization
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cystadenoma, benign tumor
well-differentiated, closely packed acini of various sizes or in elongated, occasionally branching tubules. usually lined by a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells. (pseudo mucin inside)
What is a Cystadenoma papilliferum?
Papillary cystadenoma of the ovary is a rare neoplasm of domestic animals, except bitches.
It can arise from the surface epithelium, from the subsurface epithelial structures of the canine ovary, or from the rete ovarii.
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papillary cystadenomas (of the ovary) begin as blunt-to-papillary projections of fibrovascular stroma lined by a single or pseudostratified layer of cuboidal to columnar, ciliated, and nonciliated epithelial cells.
What is Carcinoma planocellulare cornescens?
Squamous cell carcinoma (keratinizing)
the most common form of carcinoma of the skin, is derived from stratified squamous epithelium.
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Papillary cystadenoma
Should find in stroma
- fibrocytes, capillaries and inflammatory cells
in Parenchyma
- columnar tumor cells (visible in image)
- branches
- liquid
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Squamous cell carcinoma (keratinizing)
What you should find:
- Stroma
- fibrocytes, capillaries and inflammatory cells
- Keratinized pearls
- Islands of neoplastic epithelium (parenchyma)
- Different sized cells and nucleus (also can be some mitotic cells)
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Squamous cell carcinoma
Left: Slide 4, keratinizing (with keratinized pearl),
Right: Slide 5, non-keratinized
Tumor cell identification:
Irregular borders and shapes
Different staining between cells
Mitotic cells
Uneven cell borders
Irregular nucleuses
What is Carcinoma planocellulare non cornescens?
Squamous cell carcinoma (non-keratinizing)
Nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of epithelial cells.
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Squamous cell carcinoma (non-keratinized)
What you should find in stroma
- fibroblasts and collagen, inflammatory cells and capillaries
In Parenchyma
- Islands with different type of cells
- mitotic
- darker
- enlarged nuclei
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Squamous cell carcinoma (non-keratinized)
What you should find in stroma
- fibroblasts and collagen, inflammatory cells and capillaries
In Parenchyma
- Islands with different type of cells
- mitotic (in the process of division)
- darker
- enlarged nuclei
What is Carcinoma mucosum s. gelatinosum?
Mucinous adenocarcinoma
is a rare type of cancer. Adenocarcinoma refers specifically to cancers that affect cells that are glandular in nature.
are tumors comprised of at least 50% mucin. Mucin is not mucus per se, but rather it is the glycoprotein component that makes up mucus along with other bodily fluids. It is this mucinous component that many believe helps a tumor spread easily as it seeps beyond the walls of the tumor to the adjacent tissue.
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Mucinous adenocarcinoma
- visible cysts
- tumor cells polyhedral with vacuolated cytoplasm
- in glandular tissue
- sometimes hemorrhages in tissue
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Mucinous adenocarcinoma
- visible cysts
- tumor cells polyhedral with vacuolated cytoplasm
- in glandular tissue
- sometimes hemorrhages in tissue
What is Melanosarcoma?
Malignant melanoma
a tumor produced by the malignant transformation of melanocytes. usually occur on the skin, can arise in other locations.
characterized by deep black color grossly visible. great pleomorphism and variation in the patterns of growth and degree of pigmentation of the neoplastic cells.
occur with varying frequency in most animal species.
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In melanosarcoma the shape of the cells varies within the same and different tumors, from round or polygonal forms resembling epithelial cells to elongated, fusiform to stellate cells resembling mesenchymal cells.
typically large amounts of melanin in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, as well as that phagocytized by melanophages in the vicinity.
presence of large, hyperchromatic nuclei, bizarre forms, and high mitotic activity.
what is ameloblastic melanoma?
melanosarcoma in which the neoplastic cells may contain no melanin at all
difference between melanoma and melanocytoma
malignant melanoma is a cancerous unrestricted proliferation of melanocytes/melanocytic neoplasm
melanocytoma is a benign cutaneous melanocytic neoplasm that can been confused with malignant melanoma.
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In melanosarcoma the shape of the cells varies a lot, from round or polygonal forms resembling epithelial cells to elongated, spindle, fusiform to stellate cells resembling mesenchymal cells.
typically large amounts of melanin in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells, as well as that phagocytized by melanophages in the vicinity.
presence of large, hyperchromatic nuclei, bizarre forms, and high mitotic activity.
what is Glioma s. glioblastoma?
one of the most common categories of primary brain tumor; may be malignant or benign.
Glioblastoma is a type of glioma. Glioma is an umbrella term for cancer of the glial cells that surround nerve endings in the brain.
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glioma / glioblastoma
- glial cell tumor
(are neuroglia, structural neuronal cells) - tumor cells can be really similar to healthy cells
- no stroma
- blood vessels will be more dilated in neoplasm than in normal tissue
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glioma / glioblastoma
Grossly, affected area will be enlarged with displacement of normal tissue. A characteristic feature is little demarcation between neoplastic and normal tissue.
Nuclei vary in size and shape and contain more chromatin than normal astrocytes. microscopically, cells more densely than usual for brain tissue.
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mucinous adenocarcinoma
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neurofibroma
Microscopically, neurofibroma is composed of spindle-shaped cells arranged in circular whorls or wavy fasciculi. Collagen is usually recognized.
Benign tumors are composed of wavy spindle cells arranged in bundles, palisades, and whorls.
low cellularity, with spindle or polygonal cells loosely distributed in a fibrillar or mucinous matrix. Nuclei are small and normochromatic.
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Lipoma. Microscopically, close comparison shows a greater variation in the size and shape of the fat cells than occurs in normal adipose tissue. The predominant infiltrating cells are foamy macrophages, which occasionally are epithelioid and so numerous that they mimic the pleomorphic lipoblasts seen in liposarcoma.
-The empty pockets have contained fat tissue before, but slide preparation dissolved them (alcohol)
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myxoma
of fibroblast origin are distinguished by their abundant myxoid matrix rich in mucopolysaccharides.
unencapsulated proliferation of stellate to spindle shaped fibroblasts loosely arranged in an abundant myxoid matrix.
Cellularity is low, mitoses are rare, and there is little or no cytological atypia in myxomas.
The nuclei tend to be small and hyperchromatic; round or stellate; the intercellular fibrils are bluish and show little parallelism. Increases in cellular density, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitoses warrant the diagnosis of myxosarcoma, but the distinction is often subtle.
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fibroma
- Not so cellular
- Might need Van Gieson stain
- Mainly fibrocytes = tumor cells
- No clear difference in stroma and parenchyma, but some blood vessels can be seen.
- Mitotic activity is extremely low
- Collagen fibres in various patterns
- Long interlacing bundles of tumor cells is a frequent pattern.
- Difficult to determine whether tumor or only hyperplasia
The neoplastic fibrocytes are uniform, with oval normochromatic nuclei and an indistinct cytoplasm that blends into the extracellular collagenous stroma.
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fibrosarcoma
Malignant, mainly abnormal fibrocytes
- cellular and nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia.
- More cellular than fibromas.
- Most are focal and can develop anywhere in body
- Tumor can be circumscribed or infiltrative (normally
no capsule)
- Interwoven patterned cells
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fibrosarcoma
moderate to high mitotic index
cellular and nuclear pleomorphism and hyperchromasia and the presence of tumor giant cells.
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Myxochondrosarcoma
- cellularity and density of collagen fibres increase at borders
- Chondrocytes grow in clusters/chondrones, this part is cellular (chondrocytes)
- Sarcoma part consists of spindle cells, which are close to each other.
- Blood vessels and lymph vessels may have dilated lumen.
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Spindle cell sarcoma/ Fusiform cell sarcoma
- Very cellular: highly mitotic, flattened tumor cells
- Tumor cells resemble plump fibroblasts
- spindle type (not normal cells) but same shape and size
- lack glandular or tubular differentiation
- fusiform cells with hyperchromatic nuclei are in bundles running in various directions
- Cells are embedded in or surrounded by pink to light blue chondromucinous matrix (secretion happens)
- (Small amounts) Stroma
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giant cell sarcoma /malignant giant cell tumor
large multinucleated tumor giant cells, large pleomorphic mononuclear cells, histiocytes, neoplastic spindle cells and fibroblasts
some inflammatory cells and blood vessels and stroma
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leiomyoma
Cell type: myocytes (smooth muscle cells)
- homogenous population of densely packed spindle cells with indistinguishable borders and elongate, blunt-ended (cigar shaped) nuclei.
- cytoplasm may be strongly eosinophilic
Mimics normal smooth muscle tissue. -> difficult to distinguish.
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leiomyoma
Cell type: myocytes (smooth muscle cells)
- homogenous population of densely packed spindle cells with indistinguishable borders and elongate, blunt-ended (cigar shaped) nuclei.
- cytoplasm may be strongly eosinophilic
Mimics normal smooth muscle tissue. -> difficult to distinguish.
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fibromyoma
- Multicentric, smooth-muscle containing tumors, in female genital tract
- Fibrous /myofibroblastic components
- Myocytes may have elongated nuclei
- more white/light connective tissue than in leiomyoma
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fibromyoma
- Multicentric, smooth-muscle containing tumors, in female genital tract
- Fibrous /myofibroblastic components
- Myocytes may have elongated nuclei
- more white/light connective tissue than in leiomyoma
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hemangioma
- Vascular spaces filled with erythrocytes, lined with single layer of uniform endothelial cells
- cut surface reveals a honeycomb pattern of fibrous trabeculae separating blood filled cavities.
In the cavernous type, the large channels are separated by a fibrous connective tissue stroma, which can contain lymphocytes and other inflammatory cells.
Capillary variants have little stroma, a more cellular appearance, and larger, sometimes pleomorphic, nuclei. Mitotic figures are rare.
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verrucous hemangioma
verrucous variant = “The term “verrucous” has been applied for lesions showing a keratotic exophytic surface composed of sharp or blunt epithelial projections with keratin-filled invaginations (plugging), but without obvious fibrovascular cores.”
Capillary variants have little stroma, a more cellular appearance, and larger, sometimes pleomorphic, nuclei. Mitotic figures are rare.
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cavernous hemangioma
In the cavernous type, the large channels are separated by a fibrous connective tissue stroma, which can contain lymphocytes and other inflammatory cells.
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sarcomatous epulis
Tumor cells (Giant cell)
Haemorrhages
Round cells and spindle cells
Finding stroma is possible
May be hemosiderin present (previous hemorrhage)
