Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathological morphology > Pathological morphology - tissue processing, staining > Flashcards

Pathological morphology - tissue processing, staining Flashcards

1
Q

what solutions are used for decalcification of dense cortical bone

A

Strong mineral acids such as nitric and hydrochloric acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what solutions are used for decalcification of bone marrow

A

Organic acids such as acetic and formic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the best all-around decalcifier

A

Formic acid in a 10% concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define sample clearing

A

Tissue clearing refers to a collection of techniques that render biological samples transparent.

Is a process of replacing dehydrant with a substance which is miscible (capable of being mixed) with embedding medium or paraffin wax.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does acetic acid affect protein and fat?

A

Protein droplets will dissolve in acetic acid
and fat droplets will not change.

potassium acetate - Has a similar effect.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are KOH & NaOH caustic soda 1…3% aqueous solutions used for?

A

KOH (Potassium hydroxide), NaOH (Sodium hydroxide aka lye)

These solutions are used for studying myeloid, fat, elastic connective tissue, bone tissue, pigments and microbes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Alcohol-ether for?

A

for dissolving fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are hydrochloric acid HCl and sulphuric acid H2SO4 used to identify?

A

to identify calcium salts in tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is Lugol’s solution used for in histology?

A

Used for diagnosing amyloid mutations.
Lugol’s solution makes the amyloid mutated patches on the surface of the organ dark purple. The borders of the cell become more defined and clear.

It is also used in parasitology.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define amyloid

A

are aggregates of proteins characterised by a fibrillar morphology

The build-up of amyloid proteins (deposits) can make it difficult for the organs and tissues to work properly = amyloidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name 2 simple fixatives

A

ethyl alcohol aka ethanol C2H5OH
formalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name 3 complex fixatives

A

Zenker’s fixative (Helly’s fluid)
Carnoy’s fluid
Bouin’s fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name 3 embedding materials

A
  1. celloidin embedding
  2. paraffin embedding
  3. gelatin embedding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

name an alkaline stain

A

hematoxyline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name 2 acidic stains

A

eosin
picro fuchsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define nosology

A

is the branch of medical science that deals with the classification of diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the difference between general- & special pathology?

A

General pathology – processes that are common to several organs and diseases.

Special pathology – the changes that occur in the organs; characteristic of a disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the difference between pathomorphology & anatomical pathology?

A

pathomorphology = morphologic changes caused by a pathological condition

anatomical pathology = concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the examination of organs and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

define dysergia

A

lack of muscular coordination due to a defect in innervation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

define hyperergic & hypergia

A

hyperergic = characterized by or exhibiting a greater than normal sensitivity to an allergen

hypergia = Obsolete term for allergic hypersensitivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

define inanition death

A

inanition (undernutrition or starvation, inanitio)

starvation (inanitio totalis)

undernutrition (inanitio partialis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define Algor Mortis

A

refers to the rate at which a body cools after death. It is the most useful single indicator of the time of death during the first 24 hours postmortem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Livor Mortis

A

or Postmortem lividity/ Postmortem suggilation/ Hypostasis/ Vibices/

refers to discolouration or staining of the skin and organs after death due to accumulation of fluid blood in the dependent parts of the body

The color of lividity is usual reddish purple or violet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Autolysis

A

Rise of enzyme levels in the tissue cells after death

Softening and liquefying of the body tissue

Starts 3-4 hours after death and continues for 2-3 days

Organs that have higher enzymes value (liver, pancreas) undergo autolysis faster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Putrefaction

A

Involves bacteria (aerobic, anaerobic) and fermentation

Depends on:
Environment
Body condition prior to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

difference between autolysis and putrefaction processes

A

Putrefaction involves the action of bacteria on the tissues of the body.

Autolysis is the breakdown of the body by endogenous substances.

27
Q

acanthosis

A

A benign abnormal thickening of the stratum spinosum, or prickle cell, layer of the epidermis.

28
Q

parakeratosis definition

A

Parakeratosis refers to incomplete maturation of epidermal keratinocytes, resulting in abnormal retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum

29
Q

ante mortem

A

Having been inflicted or having occurred before death

30
Q

conditions caused by lack of vitamins are called

A

avitaminoses

31
Q

latin for constipation

A

koprostasis

32
Q

infolding of one part within another part of a structure

A

intussusception

33
Q

difference between a wound (vulnus) and an ulcer (ulcus)

A

a wound is caused by a mechanical injury with some
object, but an ulcer is caused by damage to tissues by a disease process, e.g an inflammation.

34
Q

another term for Severe dislocation

A

luxation (luxatio)

35
Q

endogenic toxicosis

A

(autointoxicatio) is self-poisoning, resulting from toxins produced
within the body.

36
Q

The condition caused by overheating of the body is called

A

thermoplegia

is synonymous with “heat stroke” in English. defines it as the most acute version of it, which could result in body temperature exceeding 40C and an “extremely high” death rate.

sun stroke
(insolatio) should be mentioned, as it is caused by direct effect of sun rays on the head, not
the general overheating of the whole body, as it is wrongly assumed sometimes.

37
Q

another term for blistering

A

vesication

38
Q

According to their origin, diseases are divided into three groups:

A

hereditary,
congenital and acquired.

39
Q

According to their duration, diseases are classified as

A

acute, sub-acute and
chronic.

40
Q

Acute diseases (morbi acuti) last from

A

a couple of hours to 2-3 weeks.

41
Q

Sub-acute diseases (morbi subacuti) last for approximately

A

3-6 weeks.

42
Q

Chronic diseases (morbi chronici) last for

A

weeks, months or even years.

43
Q

An exostosis is

A

an extra growth of bone that extends outward from an existing bone. Common types of exostoses include bone spurs, which are bony growths also known as osteophytes.

44
Q

differnce between bacteremia, pyemia & septicemia

A

bacteremia = when bacteria and microbes are present in bloodstream

pyemia = a form of septicemia due to the presence of pus-forming organisms in the blood, manifested by formation of multiple abscesses of a metastatic nature.

septicemia or sepsis is the clinical name for blood poisoning by bacteria. It is the body’s most extreme response to an infection.

45
Q

Full recovery (restitutio ad integrum) can also be called

A

entelechy.

46
Q

what is the purpose of xylene?

A

used as a solvent , removes paraffin

47
Q

What is the importance of embedding in histopathology?

A

The principle of the embedding station is to accurately and precisely orientate a histological specimen into a block of paraffin wax; this will allow the support and firm hold of the tissue sample so that fine cutting of thin sections for histological diagnostic purposes can ensue.

48
Q

What is the use of Canada balsam in histopathology?

A

Canada balsam is a commonly used mounting medium to prepare permanent slides for microscopy. It is produced from the resin of the balsam fir tree and can be combined with xylene-containing specimens.

49
Q

benefits to celloidin embedding?

A

It is a much longer process than paraffin but causes much less shrinkage and distortion. It is used especially in examination of the eye and brain.

50
Q

what pH are nulcear stains?

A

alkaline
e.g. hematoxyline

51
Q

what pH are cytoplasmic stains?

A

acidic
e.g. eosin

52
Q

what is celloidin exactly?

A

a clear, concentrated, semisolid solution of pyroxylin used in microscopy for embedding specimens that are to be cut into thin cross sections.

53
Q

the stain used in routine staining is typically

A

hematoxylin and eosin

54
Q

a stain often used for connective tissue & collagen is

A

Van Gieson
or
Masson trichrome stain

55
Q

a stain often used to stain lipids is

A

Oil red 0 (cryosections)

56
Q

a stain often used to stain carbohydrates is

A

PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff reaction),
a staining method used to detect polysaccharides such as glycogen

the stain, Best’s carmine, may also be used for glycogen

57
Q

a stain often used to stain amyloid is

A

Congo red

crystalviolet may also be utilized

58
Q

what is Brown-Brenn stani used to detect

A

bacteria

59
Q

What is Von Kossa stain used to detect?

A

calcium salts

60
Q

What is Luxol fast blue stain used to detect?

A

myelin

61
Q

What is Toluidine blue stain used to detect?

A

granulation tissue

62
Q

What is cryosectioning?

A

“Frozen section procedure”

is a pathological laboratory procedure to perform rapid microscopic analysis of a specimen.

It is used most often in oncological surgery. The technical name for this procedure is cryosection. The microtome device that cold cuts thin blocks of frozen tissue is called a cryotome. -20 to -30*C inside

63
Q

What is in situ hybridization?

A

is a laboratory technique used to localize a sequence of DNA or RNA in a biological sample.

Pathological morphology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions