Pathological morphology - descriptive morphology Flashcards
anaplastic
A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.
2 terms for mode of growth
expansive (typically benign) & infiltrative (typically malignant)
name 2 ways tumors can affect local processes
via compression and via atrophy (can limit nearby organ function resulting in teh atrophy of the organ)
chemodecta
is a type of benign tumor made up of chemoreceptor cells.
depending on position, are capable of compressing large blood vessels with stasis of bloodflow
4 terms for macroscopic forms of tumors
nodular
fungous (mushroom-looking)
polypoid (resembles polyps)
papillary (mushroom-shaped with extensions/papillae)
what type of tumor
cystoid form of tumor
unilocular cyst
what type of tumor
cystoid form of tumor
multilocular cyst
what type of tumor
expansive
what type of tumor
infiltrative
atypia
Atypia is deviation from the normal. The condition of being uncharacteristic or lacking uniformity nuclear atypism of cells characterizes certain precancerous conditions.
The condition of being irregular or not conforming to type. Morphological atypia is very important in tumor investigation.
divided into tissue and cellular atypia
oncogenic process divided into 3:
cancerogenesis
cancer local phase
cancer generalization
apoptosis main regulation molecules (2)
p53
bcl-2
defective function contribute to cancerogenesis so cells with mutation or loss of p53 will not arrest cell cycle when necessary
gompertzi curve
Discovered by Benjamin Gompertz, a nineteenth-century actuary, the Gompertzian growth curve describes the complex pattern of tumor growth.
The curve has an early, almost exponential growth rate followed by slower growth rate which reaches a plateau as tumors grow larger in size.
Cancerous cell is characterized by
a large nucleus, having an irregular size and shape, the nucleoli are prominent, the cytoplasm is scarce and intensly colored or, on the contrary, is pale
cholangiocarcinoma
Bile duct cancer
Benign tumor nomenclature
Attaching the suffix-oma to the cell origin of
the name of organ and derived tissue cell + oma
e.g. adenoma of thyroid. adeno- refers to glandular tissue
More detail:
The name of organ and derived tissue/cell +
morphologic character + oma
e.g. skin papilloma, ovarian cyst adenoma
malignant tumor nomenclature
Carcinoma: Malignant tumors of epithelial
cell origin.
The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
carcinoma.
e.g. adenocarcinoma of thyroid.
More details:
The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
morphologic features + carcinoma
e.g. papillary carcinoma of skin, ovarian
cystadenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma of
lung, signet-ring cell carcinoma of stomach
Blastoma
is “special” nomenclature
caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts. The suffix -blastoma is used to imply a tumor of primitive, incompletely differentiated (or precursor) cells, or
nervous tissue, most of them are malignant.
e.g. Medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma,
nephroblastoma
Teratomas:
tumors containing mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer and sometimes all the three layers.
Hamartoma
A benign growth composed of a haphazard arrangement of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs.
give 4 terms for benign tumors composed of one parenchymal cell type
Fibroma (mesenchymal)
Lipoma (mesenchymal)
Chondroma (connective tissue)
Osteoma (connective tissue)
give 4 terms for malignant tumors composed of one parenchymal cell
Fibrosarcoma (mesenchymal)
Liposarcoma (mesenchymal)
Chondrosarcoma (connective tissue)
Osteogenic sarcoma (connective tissue)
give 3 terms for benign tumors of endothelial and related tissue types
Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Meningioma
give 3 terms for malignant tumors of endothelial and related tissue types
Angiosarcoma
Lymphangiosarcoma
Synovial sarcoma
Mesothelioma
Invasive meningioma
parenchymal definition vs mesenchymal definition
parenchymal = relating to or affecting the functional tissue of an organ
mesenchymal = cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue
leiomyoma & leiosarcoma
benign & malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin
rhabodomyoma & rhabdomyosarcoma
benign & malignant tumor of striated muscle origin
what would a benign tumor of stratified squamous epithelium be called?
squamous cell papilloma
3 terms for benign tumors of glandular of ductular origin
adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma
3 terms for malignant tumors of Stratified squamous or Basal cell origin
Squamous cell carcinoma
epidermoid carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma
3 terms for malignant tumors of glandular of ductular origin
Adenocarcinoma
Papillary carcinoma
Cystadenocarcinoma
a nevus is classified as
a benign neoplasm of neuroectoderm origin
a benign renal epithelial tumor can be called a
renal tubular adenoma
a benign tumor of Urinary tract epithelium (transitional) origin can be called
Transitional cell papilloma
a benign tumor of hepatic cell origin can be called
liver cell adenoma
a benign tumor of Placental epithelium (trophoblast) origin is called
Hydatidiform mole
(HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease
name 2 malignant tumors of resp. passage origin
bronchogenic carcinoma
bronchial adenoma (carcinoid)
name a malignant tumor of neuroectoderm origin
malignant melanoma
name a malignant tumor of Renal epithelium origin
Renal cell carcinoma
name a malignant tumor of Liver cell origin
Hepatocellular carcinoma
name a malignant tumor of Urinary tract epithelium (transitional) origin
Transitional cell carcinoma
name a malignant tumor of Placental epithelium (trophoblast) origin
Choriocarcinoma
name 2 malignant tumors of Testicular epithelium (germ cells) origin
Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma
Embryonal carcinoma is a type of testicular cancer.
1st descriptor for any slide specimen
what organ it is
you must identify this if it is a “blind test”
1st sentence for descriptive morphology report would be
A subgross description.
- Location. Does it extend to cut borders? Is it limited to one anatomical part
of the tissue, such as the grey matter or the renal cortex? - Size
- Densely or sparsely cellular.
- Well-demarcated or poorly demarcated
- Shape. (Nodular, multilobular, verrucous, etc.)
- Expansile or infiltrative
- Encapsulated or unencapsulated
2nd sentence for descriptive morphology report would be
Patterns of cells and type of stroma.
A. Different broad classifications of neoplasms have fairly characteristic
patterns.
B. Modify your pattern description with adjectives such as closely-packed,
loosely arranged, etc.
C. Stroma - fibrovascular, fibrous, pre-existing, fine, coarse, etc.
3rd sentence for descriptive morphology report would be
Cytologic features.
A. Shape
B. Size
C. Cell borders (distinct or indistinct).
D. Cytoplasm
E. Nucleus
F. Nucleolus
4th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be
Unique features
multinucleate cells, variation in cells
(anisokaryosis, anisocytosis, karyomegaly, etc.)
5th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be
Mitotic activity.
A. Mitoses are _ per _ HPF.
B. Mitoses range from _ to _ per HPF, averaging _ per HPF.
C. Bizarre mitoses.
(HPF = high-power field)
6th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be
Evidence of malignancy.
A. Vascular invasion
B. Capsular invasion
C. Necrosis
D. Hemorrhage (if applicable)
7th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be
Cleanup. These are observations not directly related to the neoplasm such as:
A. Inflammation
B. Ulceration
C. Hemorrhage
D. Mineralization
E. Others
characteristic
patterns for
1. Carcinoma
- Nest, packets, lobules, cords
characteristic
patterns for 2. Adenocarcinoma
- Tubules, acini
characteristic
patterns for
3. Sarcomas
- Bundles, streams
characteristic
patterns for 4. Round cell tumors
- Sheets.
Cell shapes can be described as (7)
round, spindled, oval, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, pleomorphic
Cell cytoplasm can be described by (3)
- Amount (scant, moderate amount, abundant).
- Color (eosinophilic, basophilic, red, blue, etc.)
- Character (homogenous, fibrillar, granular)
Cell nucleus can be described by (4)
- Shape (round, oval, elongate, spindled, crimped, etc.)
- Location in cell (central, paracentral, eccentric)
- Chromatin distribution (vesicular, finely stippled, coarsely stippled, clumped, etc.)
- Chromatin staining (hyperchromatic)
Cell nucleolus can be described by (2)
- Number
- Color
