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Pathological morphology > Pathological morphology - descriptive morphology > Flashcards

Pathological morphology - descriptive morphology Flashcards

1
Q

anaplastic

A

A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.

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2
Q

2 terms for mode of growth

A

expansive (typically benign) & infiltrative (typically malignant)

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3
Q

name 2 ways tumors can affect local processes

A

via compression and via atrophy (can limit nearby organ function resulting in teh atrophy of the organ)

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4
Q

chemodecta

A

is a type of benign tumor made up of chemoreceptor cells.

depending on position, are capable of compressing large blood vessels with stasis of bloodflow

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5
Q

4 terms for macroscopic forms of tumors

A

nodular
fungous (mushroom-looking)
polypoid (resembles polyps)
papillary (mushroom-shaped with extensions/papillae)

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6
Q

what type of tumor

A

cystoid form of tumor

unilocular cyst

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7
Q

what type of tumor

A

cystoid form of tumor

multilocular cyst

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8
Q

what type of tumor

A

expansive

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9
Q

what type of tumor

A

infiltrative

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10
Q

atypia

A

Atypia is deviation from the normal. The condition of being uncharacteristic or lacking uniformity nuclear atypism of cells characterizes certain precancerous conditions.

The condition of being irregular or not conforming to type. Morphological atypia is very important in tumor investigation.

divided into tissue and cellular atypia

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11
Q

oncogenic process divided into 3:

A

cancerogenesis
cancer local phase
cancer generalization

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12
Q

apoptosis main regulation molecules (2)

A

p53
bcl-2

defective function contribute to cancerogenesis so cells with mutation or loss of p53 will not arrest cell cycle when necessary

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13
Q

gompertzi curve

A

Discovered by Benjamin Gompertz, a nineteenth-century actuary, the Gompertzian growth curve describes the complex pattern of tumor growth.

The curve has an early, almost exponential growth rate followed by slower growth rate which reaches a plateau as tumors grow larger in size.

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14
Q

Cancerous cell is characterized by

A

a large nucleus, having an irregular size and shape, the nucleoli are prominent, the cytoplasm is scarce and intensly colored or, on the contrary, is pale

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15
Q

cholangiocarcinoma

A

Bile duct cancer

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16
Q

Benign tumor nomenclature

A

Attaching the suffix-oma to the cell origin of
the name of organ and derived tissue cell + oma
e.g. adenoma of thyroid. adeno- refers to glandular tissue

More detail:
The name of organ and derived tissue/cell +
morphologic character + oma
e.g. skin papilloma, ovarian cyst adenoma

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17
Q

malignant tumor nomenclature

A

Carcinoma: Malignant tumors of epithelial
cell origin.

The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
carcinoma.
e.g. adenocarcinoma of thyroid.

More details:
The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
morphologic features + carcinoma

e.g. papillary carcinoma of skin, ovarian
cystadenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma of
lung, signet-ring cell carcinoma of stomach

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18
Q

Blastoma

A

is “special” nomenclature

caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts. The suffix -blastoma is used to imply a tumor of primitive, incompletely differentiated (or precursor) cells, or
nervous tissue, most of them are malignant.

e.g. Medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma,
nephroblastoma

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19
Q

Teratomas:

A

tumors containing mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer and sometimes all the three layers.

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20
Q

Hamartoma

A

A benign growth composed of a haphazard arrangement of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs.

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21
Q

give 4 terms for benign tumors composed of one parenchymal cell type

A

Fibroma (mesenchymal)
Lipoma (mesenchymal)

Chondroma (connective tissue)
Osteoma (connective tissue)

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22
Q

give 4 terms for malignant tumors composed of one parenchymal cell

A

Fibrosarcoma (mesenchymal)
Liposarcoma (mesenchymal)

Chondrosarcoma (connective tissue)
Osteogenic sarcoma (connective tissue)

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23
Q

give 3 terms for benign tumors of endothelial and related tissue types

A

Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Meningioma

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24
Q

give 3 terms for malignant tumors of endothelial and related tissue types

A

Angiosarcoma
Lymphangiosarcoma
Synovial sarcoma
Mesothelioma
Invasive meningioma

25
Q

parenchymal definition vs mesenchymal definition

A

parenchymal = relating to or affecting the functional tissue of an organ

mesenchymal = cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue

26
Q

leiomyoma & leiosarcoma

A

benign & malignant tumor of smooth muscle origin

27
Q

rhabodomyoma & rhabdomyosarcoma

A

benign & malignant tumor of striated muscle origin

28
Q

what would a benign tumor of stratified squamous epithelium be called?

A

squamous cell papilloma

29
Q

3 terms for benign tumors of glandular of ductular origin

A

adenoma
papilloma
cystadenoma

30
Q

3 terms for malignant tumors of Stratified squamous or Basal cell origin

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
epidermoid carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma

31
Q

3 terms for malignant tumors of glandular of ductular origin

A

Adenocarcinoma
Papillary carcinoma
Cystadenocarcinoma

32
Q

a nevus is classified as

A

a benign neoplasm of neuroectoderm origin

33
Q

a benign renal epithelial tumor can be called a

A

renal tubular adenoma

34
Q

a benign tumor of Urinary tract epithelium (transitional) origin can be called

A

Transitional cell papilloma

35
Q

a benign tumor of hepatic cell origin can be called

A

liver cell adenoma

36
Q

a benign tumor of Placental epithelium (trophoblast) origin is called

A

Hydatidiform mole

(HM) is a rare mass or growth that forms inside the womb (uterus) at the beginning of a pregnancy. It is a type of gestational trophoblastic disease

37
Q

name 2 malignant tumors of resp. passage origin

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

bronchial adenoma (carcinoid)

38
Q

name a malignant tumor of neuroectoderm origin

A

malignant melanoma

39
Q

name a malignant tumor of Renal epithelium origin

A

Renal cell carcinoma

40
Q

name a malignant tumor of Liver cell origin

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

41
Q

name a malignant tumor of Urinary tract epithelium (transitional) origin

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

42
Q

name a malignant tumor of Placental epithelium (trophoblast) origin

A

Choriocarcinoma

43
Q

name 2 malignant tumors of Testicular epithelium (germ cells) origin

A

Seminoma
Embryonal carcinoma

Embryonal carcinoma is a type of testicular cancer.

44
Q

1st descriptor for any slide specimen

A

what organ it is

you must identify this if it is a “blind test”

45
Q

1st sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

A

A subgross description.

  1. Location. Does it extend to cut borders? Is it limited to one anatomical part
    of the tissue, such as the grey matter or the renal cortex?
  2. Size
  3. Densely or sparsely cellular.
  4. Well-demarcated or poorly demarcated
  5. Shape. (Nodular, multilobular, verrucous, etc.)
  6. Expansile or infiltrative
  7. Encapsulated or unencapsulated
46
Q

2nd sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

A

Patterns of cells and type of stroma.

A. Different broad classifications of neoplasms have fairly characteristic
patterns.

B. Modify your pattern description with adjectives such as closely-packed,
loosely arranged, etc.

C. Stroma - fibrovascular, fibrous, pre-existing, fine, coarse, etc.

47
Q

3rd sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

A

Cytologic features.

A. Shape
B. Size
C. Cell borders (distinct or indistinct).
D. Cytoplasm
E. Nucleus
F. Nucleolus

48
Q

4th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

A

Unique features

multinucleate cells, variation in cells
(anisokaryosis, anisocytosis, karyomegaly, etc.)

49
Q

5th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

A

Mitotic activity.

A. Mitoses are _ per _ HPF.

B. Mitoses range from _ to _ per HPF, averaging _ per HPF.

C. Bizarre mitoses.

(HPF = high-power field)

50
Q

6th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

A

Evidence of malignancy.

A. Vascular invasion
B. Capsular invasion
C. Necrosis
D. Hemorrhage (if applicable)

51
Q

7th sentence for descriptive morphology report would be

A

Cleanup. These are observations not directly related to the neoplasm such as:

A. Inflammation
B. Ulceration
C. Hemorrhage
D. Mineralization
E. Others

52
Q

characteristic
patterns for
1. Carcinoma

A
  • Nest, packets, lobules, cords
53
Q

characteristic
patterns for 2. Adenocarcinoma

A
  • Tubules, acini
54
Q

characteristic
patterns for
3. Sarcomas

A
  • Bundles, streams
55
Q

characteristic
patterns for 4. Round cell tumors

A
  • Sheets.
56
Q

Cell shapes can be described as (7)

A

round, spindled, oval, cuboidal, columnar, polygonal, pleomorphic

57
Q

Cell cytoplasm can be described by (3)

A
  1. Amount (scant, moderate amount, abundant).
  2. Color (eosinophilic, basophilic, red, blue, etc.)
  3. Character (homogenous, fibrillar, granular)
58
Q

Cell nucleus can be described by (4)

A
  1. Shape (round, oval, elongate, spindled, crimped, etc.)
  2. Location in cell (central, paracentral, eccentric)
  3. Chromatin distribution (vesicular, finely stippled, coarsely stippled, clumped, etc.)
  4. Chromatin staining (hyperchromatic)
59
Q

Cell nucleolus can be described by (2)

A
  1. Number
  2. Color

Pathological morphology (18 decks)

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