Pathological morphology - descriptive morphology Flashcards
anaplastic
A term used to describe cancer cells that divide rapidly and have little or no resemblance to normal cells.
2 terms for mode of growth
expansive (typically benign) & infiltrative (typically malignant)
name 2 ways tumors can affect local processes
via compression and via atrophy (can limit nearby organ function resulting in teh atrophy of the organ)
chemodecta
is a type of benign tumor made up of chemoreceptor cells.
depending on position, are capable of compressing large blood vessels with stasis of bloodflow
4 terms for macroscopic forms of tumors
nodular
fungous (mushroom-looking)
polypoid (resembles polyps)
papillary (mushroom-shaped with extensions/papillae)
what type of tumor
cystoid form of tumor
unilocular cyst
what type of tumor
cystoid form of tumor
multilocular cyst
what type of tumor
expansive
what type of tumor
infiltrative
atypia
Atypia is deviation from the normal. The condition of being uncharacteristic or lacking uniformity nuclear atypism of cells characterizes certain precancerous conditions.
The condition of being irregular or not conforming to type. Morphological atypia is very important in tumor investigation.
divided into tissue and cellular atypia
oncogenic process divided into 3:
cancerogenesis
cancer local phase
cancer generalization
apoptosis main regulation molecules (2)
p53
bcl-2
defective function contribute to cancerogenesis so cells with mutation or loss of p53 will not arrest cell cycle when necessary
gompertzi curve
Discovered by Benjamin Gompertz, a nineteenth-century actuary, the Gompertzian growth curve describes the complex pattern of tumor growth.
The curve has an early, almost exponential growth rate followed by slower growth rate which reaches a plateau as tumors grow larger in size.
Cancerous cell is characterized by
a large nucleus, having an irregular size and shape, the nucleoli are prominent, the cytoplasm is scarce and intensly colored or, on the contrary, is pale
cholangiocarcinoma
Bile duct cancer
Benign tumor nomenclature
Attaching the suffix-oma to the cell origin of
the name of organ and derived tissue cell + oma
e.g. adenoma of thyroid. adeno- refers to glandular tissue
More detail:
The name of organ and derived tissue/cell +
morphologic character + oma
e.g. skin papilloma, ovarian cyst adenoma
malignant tumor nomenclature
Carcinoma: Malignant tumors of epithelial
cell origin.
The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
carcinoma.
e.g. adenocarcinoma of thyroid.
More details:
The name of organ and derived tissue/ cell +
morphologic features + carcinoma
e.g. papillary carcinoma of skin, ovarian
cystadenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma of
lung, signet-ring cell carcinoma of stomach
Blastoma
is “special” nomenclature
caused by malignancies in precursor cells, often called blasts. The suffix -blastoma is used to imply a tumor of primitive, incompletely differentiated (or precursor) cells, or
nervous tissue, most of them are malignant.
e.g. Medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma,
nephroblastoma
Teratomas:
tumors containing mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer and sometimes all the three layers.
Hamartoma
A benign growth composed of a haphazard arrangement of an abnormal mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs.
give 4 terms for benign tumors composed of one parenchymal cell type
Fibroma (mesenchymal)
Lipoma (mesenchymal)
Chondroma (connective tissue)
Osteoma (connective tissue)
give 4 terms for malignant tumors composed of one parenchymal cell
Fibrosarcoma (mesenchymal)
Liposarcoma (mesenchymal)
Chondrosarcoma (connective tissue)
Osteogenic sarcoma (connective tissue)
give 3 terms for benign tumors of endothelial and related tissue types
Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Meningioma