Pathological morphology - inflammation

Question 1

Inflammation is

Answer 1

mostly sporadically occurring defence reaction of the body. Its aim is to reduce or remove the causative pathogenic factor and to restore the damaged tissue.

Question 2

Main cell types at work during inflammation? (5)

Answer 2

Tissue macrophages,
monocytes,
mast cells,

platelets, and
endothelial cells

Question 3

The Two main cytokines released first during inflammation in order to initaite inflammatory cascades

Answer 3

tissue necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin (IL)–1

Question 4

morphological characteristics of inflammation (3)

Answer 4

alteration
exudation
proliferation

Question 5

clinical characteristics of inflammation (5)

Answer 5

dolor / pain
calor / heat
rubor / redness
tumor / swelling
function laesa / loss of function

Question 6

First cycle of inflammatory reaction involves:

Answer 6

hyperemia,
stasis and
exudation,
diapedesis of granulocytes

Question 7

In the event of inflammation with domination of hyperemia, results in

Answer 7

Congestive and hemorrhagic inflammation

Question 8

In the event of inflammation with domination of exudation, results in

Answer 8

Exudative inflammation

Question 9

In the event of inflammation with domination of granulocytic diapedesis, results in

Answer 9

Purulent inflammation

Question 10

In the event of inflammation with domination of monoclear cell diapedesis, results in

Answer 10

granulomas and infiltrates

Question 11

major cell of acute inflamamtion, phagocytic

Answer 11

neutrophil granulocyte

Question 12

cell type to cause tissue injury

Answer 12

eosinophil granulocyte

when activated produces cytokines, chemokines, proteases and oxidative radicals

Question 13

another name for mast cells

Answer 13

mastocyte

Question 14

main cells of chronic inflammatory reactions

Answer 14

macrophages

Question 15

what are plasma cells

Answer 15

Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes.

There are two main types of B-cells: plasma cells and memory cells.

Normally, when bacteria or viruses enter the body, some of the B cells will change into plasma cells.

Plasma cells release antibodies in response to antigens.

Question 16

Name 6 mast cell degranulation stimulants.

Answer 16

immune complex binding with IgE
Anaphylacice toxins C3a & C5a

bacterial toxins
proteolytic enzymes

some types of prostaglandins
lymphokines

Question 17

Name 6-7 substances released from mast cells upon degranulation.

Answer 17

vasoactive amines: histamine and serotonin
prostaglandin D 2 alfa

eosinophil cheotactic factor (ECFa)
platelet activating factor

Question 18

A monokine is

Answer 18

a type of cytokine produced primarily by monocytes and macrophages.

Question 19

Lymphokines are

Answer 19

a subset of cytokines that are produced by a type of immune cell known as a lymphocyte.

Question 20

define omphalitis

Answer 20

omphal- = navel

Omphalitis is an infection of the umbilicus and/or surrounding tissues, occurring primarily in the neonatal period.

Question 21

identify what is seen here

Answer 21

red hepatization

exudative inflammation> pneumonia

Question 22

identify what is seen here

Answer 22

exudative inflammation> pneumonia

Question 23

define purulent inflammation

Answer 23

Also called suppurative inflammation.

An acute form of exudative inflammation in which the enzymes produced by white blood cells cause liquefaction of the affected tissues, resulting in the formation of pus.

Question 24

bordered inflammatory cell infiltration can be termed?

Answer 24

granuloma

note granulomas can be either nonimmunological (foreign body) or immunological (e.g. tuberculosis)