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Pathological morphology > Pathomorphology - postemortem changes, dystrophies, necrosis > Flashcards

Pathomorphology - postemortem changes, dystrophies, necrosis Flashcards

1
Q

what is hypostasis or lividity

A

also referred to as Livor mortis, is the pooling of blood because of gravity in dependent body sites after the heart stops beating.

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2
Q

Algor Mortis

A

refers to the cooling of the body after death

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3
Q

conduction

A

the loss of heat through transfer to objects in contact with the body

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4
Q

convection

A

is the movement of air over the body causing cooling; and radiation, which is the loss of heat from the body through infrared heat rays

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5
Q

Autolysis

A

is a chemical process by the intracellular enzymes that causes the breakdown of tissue and organs.

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6
Q

hemosiderin

A

is an iron-storage complex that is composed of partially digested ferritin and lysosomes. The breakdown of heme gives rise to biliverdin and iron.

The body then traps the released iron and stores it as hemosiderin in tissues. Hemosiderin is also generated from the abnormal metabolic pathway of ferritin.

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7
Q

imbibition

A

is a special type of diffusion that takes place when liquid is absorbed by solids-colloids causing an increase in volume.

“Decomposition causes hemolyzed blood to leak out of the broken down blood vessels into the surrounding tissue (imbibition) usually within 12–24 hours after death.”

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8
Q

Adipocere

A

is a grayish-white to brown, firm, wax-like material made up of the fatty acids oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. It is found primarily in the subcutaneous tissue and other fatty deposit areas.

Adipocere formation can take weeks to several months to develop and is resistant to chemical bacterial destruction. When a body is found immersed in water or in a damp, warm environment, adipocere formation may occur.

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9
Q

Entomology

A

the scientific study of insects

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10
Q

what term refers to the colonization by maggots of a live body.

A

Myiasis

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11
Q

define instar

A

is a developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each moult (ecdysis), until sexual maturity is reached.

identifying the presence of instars during necropsy can aid in determining time of death

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12
Q

define degeneration

A

Defined as deterioration of live cells following injury, but with the potential to revert back to normal

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12
Q

how is Deterioration of cells is evaluated

A

in terms of morphological changes that occur inside or outside the cells

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13
Q

Cell injuries are classified according to (2)

A
  1. Magnitude/Severity
  2. Nature of injury
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14
Q

how does radiant energy cause injury to cells?

A

Radiant energy e.g. X-rays, UV light

induce formation of free radicals,
damage the genetic material causing genetic defects and neoplasia

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15
Q

Morphological changes that occur inside the cells following injury involve

A

accumulation of metabolites in the endoplasmic reticulum

One of these metabolites is water following injury of cells by hypoxia
Other metabolites known to accumulate inside cells following injury are:
– Protein
– Carbohydrates
– Lipids

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16
Q

Parenchymatous protein degenerations occur where vs mesenchymal

A

Parenchymatous protein degenerations are intracellular
&
Mesenchymal are extracellular

(mesenchymal = refers to cells that develop into connective tissue, blood vessels, and lymphatic tissue)

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17
Q

Parenchymatous protein degenerations can be (4)

A

Granular
Hyalin-drop
Vacuolar
Keratinous

Parenchymatous degenerations are intracellular and granular dystrophy is most frequent.

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18
Q

Mesenchymal protein degenerations can be (4)

A

Mucoid swelling
Fibrinoid changes
(= Fibrinoid necrosis is the death of cells in small blood vessels. )

Hyalinosis (= hyaline degeneration)
Amyloidosis (abnormal protein called amyloid, deposition)

mesenchcymal degenerations are extracellular

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19
Q

another term for Mixed protein degenerations

A

mixed dysproteinosis

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20
Q

name 3 types of hemoglobinogenic protein degenerations

A

Hemoglobinogenic pigments: hemosiderin, hematoidin, bilirubin

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21
Q

name a type of Proteinogenic protein degenerations

A

Proteinogenic pigment: melanin

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22
Q

name 2 types of lipid protein degenerations

A

Lipid pigments: lipofuscin, lipocromes

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23
Q

what is Uric acid diathesis

A

diathesis = a constitutional predisposition toward a particular state or condition

so an increased level of uric acid leads to (urate) gout
(diathesis urica = uric acid diathesis)
can also be called hyperuricemia

Gout occurs when urate crystals accumulate in your joints.

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24
Q

lipidosis

A

or Fatty degeneration

abnormal deposition of lipids in organs or tissues of the body, often resulting from genetic disorders of lipid metabolism

Parenchymal fatty degenerations
Mesenchymal fatty degenerations

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25
Q

name 3 types of Mineral degenerations

A

Metastatic calcification (= is deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue)

Dystrophic calcification (= is deposition of calcium salt in degenerated tissues with the absence of a systemic mineral imbalance)

Concrements or stones (= excess mineral forming crystals/stone)

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26
Q

macroscopic changes from cellular degeneration? (2)

A

Decolorization of tissues or organs.

Changes of the consistency; tissue is softer, fragile and friable (= easily crumbled)

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27
Q

Chromatolysis

A

chromatolysis is the dissolution of the Nissl bodies in the cell body of a neuron.

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28
Q

Pyknosis (or karyopyknosis)

A

the reduction in size and increase in staining of a cell or its nucleus

the irreversible condensation of chromatin in the nucleus of a cell undergoing necrosis or apoptosis. It is followed by karyorrhexis, or fragmentation of the nucleus.

Pyknosis is also observed in the maturation of erythrocytes and the neutrophil.

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29
Q

karyorrhexis

A

a degenerative cellular process involving fragmentation of the nucleus and the breakup of the chromatin into unstructured granules

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30
Q

Acantholysis

A

Acantholysis means loss of coherence between epidermal cells due to the breakdown of intercellular bridges. It is an important pathogenetic mechanism underlying various bullous disorders, particularly the pemphigus group, as well as many non-blistering disorders.

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31
Q

Steatosis

A

steatosis is abnormal retention of lipids within a cell or organ

word commonly used for fatty liver disease

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32
Q

According to the triggering factors the following etiological forms of necrosis are specified: (5)

A

traumatic necrosis
toxic necrosis

angiogenic or circulatory necrosis
allergic necrosis

trophoneurotic necrosis (= due to defective nerve action in a part of an organ which results in failure of nutrition)

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33
Q

karyolysis

A

is the complete dissolution of the chromatin of a dying cell due to the enzymatic degradation by endonucleases

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34
Q

necrotic cytoplasm changes: (3)

A

coagulation
plasmorrhexis (= rupture of a cell with loss of its contents)
plasmolysis (involves contraction or shrinkage)

35
Q

necrosis sicca s. coagulativa

A

Dry or coagulative necrosis

36
Q

necrosis humida s. colliquativa

A

Wet or liquefactive necrosis

37
Q

describe Coagulative necrosis (2)

A

Proteins denature and aggregate rather than degrade
Dry gangrene

38
Q

describe Liquefactive necrosis (2)

A

Enzymatic digestion of cellular components
Wet gangrene

39
Q

describe Fatty necrosis

A

End result of pancreatic lipases digesting fat cells resulting in calcium soaps

40
Q

describe Caseous necrosis

A

End result of tuberculous infections, granuloma

41
Q

describe Fibrinoid necrosis

A

Ag-Ab complexes and fibrin accumulate in arteries or other vessels

42
Q

what is Zenker´s degeneration

A

necrosis of skeletal muscles

43
Q

cyto steatonecrosis

A

Fat necrosis
e.g. pancreatic cyto steatonecrosis or bacterial lipolytic enzymes

Macroscopically:
White spots in fat tissue.
Calcification of necrotosed tissue and inflammation.

44
Q

Cicatrization

A

is the contraction of fibrous tissue formed at a wound site by fibroblasts, reducing the size of the wound while distorting tissue.

Cicatrization may refer to: The process of a wound healing to produce scar tissue.

45
Q

Phlegmon

A

is a localized area of acute inflammation of the soft tissues

Most commonly, it is used in contrast to a “walled-off” pus-filled collection (abscess), although a phlegmon may progress to an abscess if untreated.

46
Q

Degeneration or dystrophy

A

denotes any disorder due to defective or faulty nutrition or metabolism of an organism, organ or tissue.

47
Q

describe (dystrophia granularis)

A

In granular degeneration granules or grains accumulate in the cytoplasm of the cell,
which makes the cytoplasm cloudy and the nucleus not so well visible. The cell expands in the process.

The dystrophy-affected organs enlarge, swell, become brittle and of
lighter colour than normal, often with irregular patches of colouring.

Granular degeneration is the least severe form of degenerations.

48
Q

describe (dystrophia hyalinoguttatica)

A

Hyalin-drop degeneration mainly affects kidneys (renal convoluted
tubule epithelial cells); and liver more rarely.

semi-transparent hyaline homogenous protein drops of various sizes appear in
the cytoplasm of cells and can fill the entire cytoplasm by joining
(destruction of the ultrastructure of the cell).

This form of degeneration lacks characteristic external features and therefore a diagnosis is not possible without microscopic studies.

49
Q

describe (dystrophia hydropica, dystrophia vacuolaris)

A

Hydropic or vacuolar degeneration fluid-filled vacuoles form in the
cytoplasm (or nucleus, but that is more rare) of a cell. Hydropic dystrophy is
caused by protein-water-electrolytes imbalance.

progressed, the vacuoles grow and sometimes merge, filling the whole cell
with liquid.

the organs and tissues show little changes externally, except for their swelling. This type of degeneration can be identified only by histological examination.

50
Q

describe (dystrophia keratinosa)

A

In keratinous degeneration the keratinizing epithelium develops either excessive keratin of normal consistency (hyperkeratosis) or keratin appears in regions where it normally does not exist (on mucosa – leucokeratosis, leucoplakia). The developing keratin may be of altered consistency (parakeratosis).

51
Q

ichthyosis

A

is a group of skin disorders that lead to dry, itchy skin that appears scaly, rough, and red. The skin looks as if covered by fish scales with thin fur or hairs.

52
Q

Extracellular dysproteinemias are

A

protein metabolism disturbances in fascia (stroma of organs and walls of blood vessels).

Extracellular dysproteinemias include mucoid degeneration, fibroid
degeneration, hyalin degeneration and amyloidosis.

53
Q

what exactly is hyalin

A

Hyalin is a large fibrous protein, made up of plasma cells mostly.
The protein has strong adhesive properties

54
Q

Fibrinoid degeneration causes

A

the connective tissue of organs and vessels disintegrate;

the collagen fibres swell and break down and the fibres and the ground substance of connective tissue soak in cells of blood plasma, fibrin mainly, and the result is a complicated compound – fibrinoid.

55
Q

sclerosis

A

a pathological condition in which a tissue has become hard and which is produced by overgrowth of fibrous tissue or by increase in interstitial tissue.

56
Q

General hyalinosis of blood vessels and connective tissue is

A

noted with arteriosclerosis

The result is that the walls of the blood vessels are saturated with plasma proteins, precipitation of plasma proteins and hyalin. Due to hyaline production, the walls of the vessels harden and lose their elasticity, their lumen narrows or closes.

57
Q

another term for sclerosis

A

Focal hyalinosis

appears with chronic focal inflammations, where the connective tissue may become hyalinized.

58
Q

Amyloidosis is

A

extracellular protein degeneration, characterised by
amyloid deposit in tissues between cells.

59
Q

One of the most
distinctive features of amyloid is

A

metachromasia with anil dye, i.e. amyloid
will take a colour different from that of the dye solution.

metachromatic: having the capacity to stain different elements of a cell or tissue in different colors or shades.

60
Q

another term for Chromoprotein metabolism disturbances

A

pathologic endogenous pigmentations

A chromoprotein is a conjugated protein that contains a pigmented prosthetic group (or cofactor). A common example is haemoglobin, which contains a heme cofactor

61
Q

Hemoglobinogenics pigments are the result of either physiological
or pathological

A

erythrocyte hemolysis.

62
Q

The result of physiological degradation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin
in reticuloendothelial or macrophagic cells are the pigments (3)

A

hemosiderin,
ferritin &
bilirubin.

63
Q

If the hemolytic process is pathological, aside from the usual pigments produced, what 3 compounds may be produced as well?

A

hematoidin,
hematins,
porphyrins.

64
Q

histiocyte

A

is a tissue macrophage or dendritic cell, that is found in many parts of the body especially in the bone marrow, the blood stream, the skin, the liver, the lungs, the lymph glands and the spleen.

is part of the mononuclear phagocyte system (also known as the reticuloendothelial system or lymphoreticular system).

In histiocytosis, the histiocytes move into tissues where they are not normally found and cause damage to those tissues.

65
Q

Bilirubin

A

is the most important bile pigment, a yellow-red haemoglobin-breakdown product derived from catabolised RBCs in the
reticuloendothelial cells

Bilirubin deposits in the liver, is present in bile

66
Q

There are three main pathological forms of jaundice:

A

1) parenchymal
2) hemolytic
3) obstructive

yellow due to higher
levels of bilirubin

67
Q

Parenchymal (hepatocellular) jaundice occurs with

A

liver diseases,
when the damaged hepatocytes have reduced ability to secrete bilirubin to
hepato-biliary system

(for example diseases like infectious hepatitis, toxic
degeneration of liver, sepsis, leptospirosis etc.).

68
Q

Hemolytic (pre-hepatic) jaundice occurs with

A

intensive hemolysis
(great quantities of bilirubin are produced).

For example with some blood diseases, some infectious diseases and blood parasitic diseases and sepsis.

69
Q

Obstructive (post-hepatic) jaundice is caused by

A

an interruption to
the drainage of bile (constricted or obstructed bile duct lumen, which may
be the result of bile duct inflammation, gallstones, parasites; also external
causes like tumors, scar tissue and some other factors).

obstructive
jaundice liver has yellow discoloration

If bile is obstructed for a longer period, it causes
necrotic changes in the liver and necrotic tissue will be replaced by
connective tissue, which leads to biliary cirrhosis.

70
Q

Name 3 Proteinogenic pigments

A

Melanin,
adrenochrome and pigment of enterochromafin cells

71
Q

melanosis

A

or melanism

Excessive production of melanin and its depositing in skin and internal
organs

72
Q

leucoderma

A

An acquired condition with localized loss of
pigmentation of the skin after inflammations and other damage

73
Q

Lipofuscin

A

is a lipid protein and lipid pigement, and appears as little yellowish
brown granules in the cells

Due to pigment build-up the organ becomes brownish.

74
Q

Lipochromes

A

are pigments that give the yellow colouring
to fatty tissue, adrenal cortex, egg yolk, blood plasma etc. Lipochromes are pigments that have dissolved in lipids

75
Q

Lipochromes

A

are pigments that give the yellow colouring
to fatty tissue, adrenal cortex, egg yolk, blood plasma etc. Lipochromes are pigments that have dissolved in lipids

most widespread member
of the group is carotene, therefore lipochromes are also called carotenoids.
Carotenoids are of herbal origin. They enter animal organism via feed.
Carotenoids are also a source of vitamin A.

76
Q

Glycoproteins are

A

complex protein compounds with polysaccharides.

The group includes mucous substances (mucins) and mucinoid substances
(mucoids).

77
Q

The metabolic disturbance of glycoproteins is

A

mucoid
degeneration.

78
Q

Mucoid degeneration

A

is the degeneration of connective tissue into a gelatinous or mucoid
substance.

Mucoid degeneration can be intracellular (parenchymal)
and extracellular (mesenchymal).

79
Q

catarrh

A

is a build-up of mucus in an airway or cavity of the body.

80
Q

Colloid dystrophy is a special form of

A

mucoid degeneration.

In that case colloid pseudo-mucin is produced and deposited in the glandular organs
(thyroid gland, adrenals, pituitary gland etc.).

This form of degeneration
occurs mostly in thyroid glands in the form of colloid struma (goiter)
(struma colloidea) and is caused by iodine deficiency.

81
Q

Disturbances in nucleoprotein change are

A

uric acid diathesis and
uric acid infarct.

82
Q

uric acid diathesis

A

excessive amounts of uric acid and its salts are produced, which deposit in blood and cause hyperuricemia

Uric acid and its salts deposit as uric acid crystals and
amorphous sodium salt to tissues and organs, causing degenerative and
inflammatory changes and necrosis.

joint form is gout

83
Q

There are two variations of uric acid diathesis:

A

1) visceral and
2) joint form.

84
Q

Uric acid infarct mainly affects

A

newborns due to
their more intensive metabolism during the first days.

Uric acid and the salts
deposit in convoluted renal tubules. It is a physiological process that will disappear after a while.

85
Q

The fat that deposits in connective tissues under the skin, around kidneys etc. is called

A

neutral fat.

Pathological morphology (18 decks)

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