Pathomorph. II - respiratory system

Question 1

define amyloidosis

Answer 1

is a rare disease characterized by a buildup of abnormal amyloid deposits in the body. Amyloid deposits can build up in the heart, brain, kidneys, spleen and other parts of the body. A person may have amyloidosis in one organ or several.

The cause of amyloidosis is usually a plasma cell dyscrasia, an acquired abnormality of the plasma cell in the bone marrow with production of an abnormal light chain protein (part of an antibody).

Question 2

what is cytomegalovirus

Answer 2

Cytomegaloviruses are agents that infect a variety of animals.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales. Humans and other primates serve as natural hosts, other animals as intermediates.

Question 3

catarrhal rhinitis

Answer 3

Catarrh is usually caused by the immune system reacting to an infection or irritation, which causes the lining of your nose and throat to become swollen and produce mucus.

Rhinitis, also known as coryza, is irritation and inflammation of the mucous membrane inside the nose. Common symptoms are a stuffy nose, runny nose, sneezing, and post-nasal drip.

Question 4

define enzootic

Answer 4

(of a disease) regularly affecting animals in a particular district or at a particular season.

Question 5

what is IBR

Answer 5

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is a disease characterized by acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

IBR is caused by bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1).

Question 6

define atelectasis

Answer 6

is a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung. It occurs when the tiny air sacs (alveoli) within the lung become deflated or possibly filled with alveolar fluid.

Question 7

define bronchiectasis

Answer 7

Bronchiectasis is dilation and destruction of larger bronchi caused by chronic infection and inflammation.

Common symptoms are chronic cough with purulent sputum with or without dyspnea.

Question 8

What is lung melanosis?

Answer 8

The blackening of the lung tissue, especially, in coal pneumoconiosis.

Question 9

define pneumoconiosis

Answer 9

is any lung disease caused by the inhalation of organic or nonorganic airborne dust and fibers.

Question 10

lung infarcts are always

Answer 10

hemorrhagic

Pulmonary infarction results from occlusion of the distal pulmonary arteries leading to ischemia, hemorrhage and ultimately necrosis of the lung parenchyma.

Question 11

Thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 11

characterized by a low platelet count and accompanied by a red-purple rash called purpura.

Question 12

Passive hyperemia (congestion), also termed

Answer 12

stasis, is a consequence of an impaired venous drainage (heart failure, compression or obstruction of veins), followed by dilatation of venules and capillaries.

Question 13

Active hyperemia (congestion) is a result of

Answer 13

arteriolar distension (e.g., skeletal muscle activity, inflammation, local neuro-vegetative reaction).

Question 14

Lung inflammations may be classified in two groups:

Answer 14

Exudative pneumonias & broncho-pneumonias.
and
Interstitial pneumonias.

Question 15

Describe Exudative pneumonias & broncho-pneumonias:

Answer 15

inflammatory lesions in which exudation and granulocytic diapedesis are predominant.

At microscopic examination, they share the filling of alveolar cavities or/& airways by inflammatory exudate.

Question 16

Describe Interstitial pneumonias:

Answer 16

inflammatory lesions mainly develop in interstitial interalveolar spaces; after a brief phase of exudative reactions takes place, a cellular reactive phase takes place in which mononuclear cells are mainly collected in interstitial spaces; alveolar cavities mostly remain free.

Question 17

Exudative pneumonias & broncho-pneumonias.

Distinction of these two is sometimes difficult but is based on
pathologic and clinic patterns:

Answer 17

Pneumonias are immediately massive and diffuse with quick extension to one or several lung lobes (sometimes
called “lobar pneumonias”); they’re also characterised by a relative lesional uniformity (all territories are at the same
stage of inflammatory lesion).

Broncho-pneumonia evolution is result of confluence of multiple circumscribed lobular or sub-lobular focuses (sometimes called “lobular pneumonias”); they clearly appear heterogeneous at macroscopic examination as well as at
microscopic.

Increase & confluence of BP focuses may result in lobar or multilobar extension) of lesions.

Question 18

Swine: Mycoplasmic pneumonia

Answer 18

Mycoplasmal pneumonia in pigs is a respiratory disease that is caused by Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia in pigs worldwide. It also frequently leads to subclinical infection that causes lung lesions that can be detected post-mortem. Clinical signs, if present, are often a dry cough and reduced growth.

Question 19

Visna-maedi virus

Answer 19

also known as ovine lentivirus

is a retrovirus that causes encephalitis and chronic pneumonitis in sheep.

It is known as visna when found in the brain, and maedi when infecting the lungs. Lifelong, persistent infections in sheep

Question 20

define water imbibition

Answer 20

Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by solids-colloids-causing them to enormously increase in volume.

The classical examples of imbibition are absorption of water by seeds and dry wood.

Question 21

Miliary tuberculosis is

Answer 21

is a form of tuberculosis that is characterized by a wide dissemination into the human body and by the tiny size of the lesions (1–5 mm).

Its name comes from a distinctive pattern seen on a chest radiograph of many tiny spots distributed throughout the lung fields with the appearance similar to millet seeds—thus the term “miliary” tuberculosis.

Question 22

toxoplasma gondii

Answer 22

is a parasitic protozoan that causes toxoplasmosis.

Found worldwide, T. gondii is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals,  but felids are the only known definitive hosts in which the parasite may undergo sexual reproduction.

Tissue cysts can be maintained in host tissue for the lifetime of the animal.

Question 23

Verminous bronchitis

Answer 23

Parasitic bronchitis, also known as hoose, husk, or verminous bronchitis, is a disease of sheep, cattle, goats, and swine caused by the presence of various species of parasite, commonly known as lungworms, in the bronchial tubes or in the lungs.

It is marked by cough, dyspnea, anorexia and constipation.

Question 24

distomatosis

Answer 24

A group of parasitoses caused by flat worms that live in contact with epitheliums.

Clinical classification depends on the organ infected by the adult parasite: liver, lungs, or intestines.

Question 25

lung adenomatosis

Answer 25

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA), also known as ovine pulmonary adenomatosis and jaagsiekte, is a contagious tumour of sheep and, rarely, of goats.

It is a progressive respiratory disease, principally affecting adult animals.