Pathology (Week 2) Flashcards
In terms of innate immunity, what is the function of lactoferrin at the mucosal surface?
This chelates iron (decreases soluble iron) which bacteria need to survive, therefore inhibiting bacterial growth
What is the function of pattern recognition receptors?
To recognise molecules in micro-organisms and respond
Give 3 functions of the antibodies released into the circulation by B cells
To opsonise pathogens
To activate complement for lysis
To neutralise toxins and pathogen binding sites
Briefly describe the mechanisms for type I hypersensitivity
IgE antibody is bound to mast cells which degranulate releasing toxic mediators
Briefly describe the mechanisms for type II hypersensitivity
Response occurs due to antibody (usually IgG) binding to antigens directed against human cells
Briefly describe the mechanisms for type III hypersensitivity
An immune complex bound to soluble antigen occludes vessels and activates complement
In rheumatoid arthritis, which two antibodies interact with the IgG region to form immune complexes?
IgM and IgA
Briefly describe how oxidative stress occurs
When free radicals (a natural by-product of respiration) are formed by the pathological absorption of substances like radiation
Name three cellular signs of reversible cell injury
Cloudy swelling
Swollen mitochondria
Disrupted microvilli
Describe coagulative necrosis
The area is firm with maintained outlines
Describe colliquitive necrosis
Tissue becomes liquified and loses outlines
Describe caseous necrosis
A combination of coagulative and colliquitive necrosis with a cheese like appearance
Which stain turns pink in the presence of protein fibrils in amyloid?
Congo Red
Which cells produce AL amyloid?
B-cell neoplasms (for example in multiple myeloma)
What is the difference between dystrophic and metastasis calcification?
Dystrophic occurs when calcium is deposited in abnormal tissue with normal serum Ca levels
Metastatic deposition occurs in normal tissues with increased serum Ca
Name the three phases of acute inflammation
- Vascular dilatation
- Neutrophil activation
- Endothelial activation
Name 5 cell types involved in an inflammatory response
Neutrophils Macrophages Plasma cells Lymphocytes Mast cells
Define margination
White blood cells situated peripherally due to stasis of blood
Name the 5 clinical signs of inflammation
Redness, swelling, pain, heat, loss of function
The infiltration of which three cell types characterises chronic inflammation?
Lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages
In granulomatous inflammation, which two cell types are involved?
Epithelioid macrophages and giant cells
Why is an arterial thrombosis sometimes referred to as a ‘white thrombus’?
Due to platelets and fibrin accumulating at the site
Hyper eosinophilia can be seen in H and E slide for a few days after which cardiac event has occurred?
Myocardial Infarction
Which branch of the main lung bronchi is food likely to become lodged in and why?
The right main bronchus because it is straighter than the left
Define the term ‘silhouette sign’ in terms of X-ray findings
Structures of differing densities form a contour on X-ray, the loss of which can indicate the position of pathologies
What is a hamartoma?
A malformation resulting from faulty growth of an organ
What does ‘intussusception’ mean?
The telescoping of one part of the bowel into another
What term describes disordered growth in cells which do not fully differentiate but do remain within the BM?
Dysplasia
What term is used to define lack of differentiation within a tumour?
Anaplasia
Barret’s oesophagus is an example of which type of process (differentiated cells changing from one cell type to another)?
Metaplasia
