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Phase 3 > GI (Week 13) > Flashcards

GI (Week 13) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major classifications of liver disease based on area?

A

Diffuse (e.g. acute hepatitis)

Focal (space occupying lesion)

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2
Q

Define ‘fulminant’

A

Severe acute inflammation, rapidly progressing to liver failure

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3
Q

What does ‘acute on chronic’ mean?

A

Chronic disease presenting as acute exacerbations with evidence of underlying chronicity

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4
Q

What are the three hallmarks of liver cirrhosis?

A

Diffuse
Fibrosis
Nodule formation

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5
Q

Name two microscopic features of acute hepatitis

A

Diffuse hepatocyte swelling
Spotty necrosis (dead hepatocytes)
Inflammatory cell infiltrate

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6
Q

Give an example of a non-neoplastic focal liver lesion

A

Liver cysts

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7
Q

Give an example of one benign and one malignant focal neoplasm in the liver

A

Benign: Haemangioma
Malignant: Hepatic adenoma

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8
Q

Which two types of hepatitis can only occur acutely?

A

A and E

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9
Q

Name three features of decompensated cirrhosis

A

Jaundice
Ascites
Encephalopathy

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10
Q

What is the route of transmission and incubation period of hepatitis A?

A

Faeco-oral route

30 day incubation

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11
Q

In hepatitis E genotype 1 infection, what is the significance in pregnant women?

A

Higher mortality

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12
Q

In hepatitis E genotype 3 infection, what other symptoms can be seen?

A

Neurological e.g. Guillain-Barre syndrome

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13
Q

What can chronic infection of hepatitis B lead to?

A

Chronic liver disease

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14
Q

What does surface antigen in the blood indicate in Hepatitis B serology?

A

Current Hep. B infection

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15
Q

What does surface antibody indicate in Hep. B serology?

A

The patient has encountered the virus or vaccine and has made an immune response.

NO CURRENT INFECTION

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16
Q

What does core antibody indicate in Hep. B serology?

A

Only made if the patient has suffered the virus by direct infection

17
Q

What does IgM in Hep. B virus indicate?

A

New infection

18
Q

What does IgG in Hep. B virus indicate?

A

Someone who has been infected previously (e.g. 2 months ago)

19
Q

What is unique about hepatitis D infection?

A

Single stranded RNA virus which requires hepatitis B infection to survive

20
Q

Which type of hepatitis is most common in Scotland and injecting drug users?

A

Hepatitis C

21
Q

What is MRCP imaging?

A

MRI scan of the bile duct

22
Q

How do gallstones cause acute pancreatitis?

A

They become trapped in the Ampulla of Vater and cause bile reflux

23
Q

Name the layers of the GI tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis propria
Adventitia

24
Q

Define Barrett’s oesophagus

A

Metaplasia in response to mucosal injury, changing from squamous into glandular

25
Q

What are the main risk factors for squamous carcinoma?

A

Smoking and drinking

26
Q

What are the main risk factors for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus?

A

GORD and obesity

27
Q

Name three causes of chronic gastritis

A

Autoimmune
Bacterial
Chemical

28
Q

Name three causes of upper GI bleeding

A

Peptic ulcer
Oesophagitis
Varices

29
Q

What does Terlipressin do in terms of varice treatment?

A

Splanchnic vasoconstriction (avoid in dehydration)

30
Q

Name three complications of ulcerative colitis

A

Toxic dilatation
Iritis
Increased malignancy risk

31
Q

Define Crohn’s disease

A

Chronic inflammatory condition affecting anywhere from mouth to anus

32
Q

Name three drug treatments of Crohn’s disease

A

Thiopurines
Methotrexate
Biologics (Infliximab)

33
Q

Give three features of Crohn’s disease

A

Granulomas
Skip lesions
Transmural ulceration

34
Q

Give three features of UC

A

Diffuse inflammation
Inflammed centre on mucosa
From rectum to left side

35
Q

Why does low albumin occur in inflammation?

A

Cytokines degrade albumin

36
Q

Name three drugs which must be considered when a patient presents with GI bleeding?

A

NSAIDs (ulcer)
Iron (dark stool)
Aspirin (anti-platelet so increases bleeding risk)

37
Q

Why can a patient with cancer have elevated platelets?

A

Initially platelets are low but bone marrow kicks in to combat this and in cancer states overcompensates

38
Q

In cancer treatment, what name is given to the process of giving chemo/radiotherapy in conjunction with surgery?

A

Neo-adjuvant therapy

39
Q

What is an AP resection?

A

Abdomino-pertioneal resection, removing rectum, sigmoid colon and anus

Phase 3 (15 decks)

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