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Phase 3 > Clinical Microbiology (Week 6) > Flashcards

Clinical Microbiology (Week 6) Flashcards

1
Q

True or false, gram positive bacteria have a thinner cell wall than gram negative?

A

False, gram positive have a thicker cell wall than gram negative

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2
Q

Define bactericidal

A

Able to directly kill bacteria by sterilising the site

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3
Q

What is the term used to define the range of bacterial species effectively treated by antibiotics?

A

Antibiotic spectrum

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4
Q

Name the four beta lactic antibiotic groups

A

Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems
Monobactams

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5
Q

What are beta lactamases?

A

Enzymes produced by bacteria which inactivate beta lactic drugs

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6
Q

What type of bacteria does benzylpenicillin target?

A

Streptococcus infection

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7
Q

What two types of bacteria does flucloxacillin target?

A

Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus

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8
Q

What drugs are co-administered with penicillins to broaden their spectrum?

A

Beta-lactamase inhibitors

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9
Q

What class of antibiotics have been designed to treat MRSA?

A

(MRSA active) cephalosporins

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10
Q

What specific type of antibiotic can be used to treat CNS infections like meningitis in hospitals?

A

Ceftriaxone

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11
Q

Which class of antibiotics can be described as ultra-broad spectrum (excluding MRSA)?

A

Carbapenems

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12
Q

Which class of antibiotics does the drug Aztreonam belong to?

A

Monobactams

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13
Q

What type of bacteria does Vancomycin NOT work to treat?

A

Gram negative bacteria

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14
Q

Give three examples of the toxic effects of Vancomycin

A

Nephrotoxicity
Ototoxicity
‘Red man syndrome’

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15
Q

Name three types of species that macrolides act on

A

Gram positive, gram negative and atypicals

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

A

Act on the 30s ribosome subunit

17
Q

Why is Gentamicin given as one dose daily?

A

To avoid accumulation in the body and avoid its toxic effects

18
Q

Which two patient groups should tetracycline antibiotics be avoided in?

A

Children and pregnant women

19
Q

What type of infection does the quinolone drug Levofloxacin treat?

A

Respiratory tract infections

20
Q

What type of infection does the quinolone drug Ciprofloxacin treat?

A

Urinary tract infections

21
Q

Name two conditions that the drug Rifampicin is used to treat

A
  1. Tuberculosis

2. Alongside other antibiotics to treat serious gram positive infections

22
Q

Which antibiotic is used to treat uncomplicated UTIs?

A

Trimethoprim

23
Q

What does the term ‘breakpoint’ mean?

A

The concentration of an antibiotic which defines whether a species is sensitive or resistant

24
Q

Name a pharmacological treatment used to relieve symptoms of UTIs before antibiotics are given

A

NSAIDs

25
Q

Define sepsis

A

Life-threatening organ dysfunction as a result of dysregulated host response to infection

26
Q

Give 2 causative agents involved in bacterial diarrhoea

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Enteroaggregative E. coli
Campylobacter

27
Q

Name three parasites which commonly cause travellers diarrhoea

A

Giardia
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora

28
Q

What are the three tests used in the diagnosis of malaria?

A

Antigen testing
Blood films
PCR

29
Q

In regards to malaria treatment, what is Ritamen?

A

An artemether compound given as IM injection used in severe malaria instead of quinine

30
Q

Describe the 4 stages of pathophysiology in typhoid

A
  1. Dirty food or water
  2. Stomach
  3. Hepatic portal system
  4. Blood
31
Q

What syndrome leads to death as a result of malaria?

A

Septic shock

32
Q

Name three drugs commonly used to treat malaria

A
  1. Quinolones
  2. Cephalosporins
  3. Azithromycin
33
Q

Give a definition of dengue fever

A

An acute mosquito borne viral illness

34
Q

Name three lab features of dengue fever

A
  1. Leukocytopenia
  2. Thrombocytopenia
  3. Transaminitis
35
Q

Name the three most common causative agents in community acquired pneumonia

A
  1. Strep. pneumoniae
  2. Haemophilius influenzae
  3. Moraxella catharralis
36
Q

What is the name of the smallest living bacterium?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

37
Q

Which bacteria lends to spread through contaminated water systems?

A

Legionella Pneumophila

Phase 3 (15 decks)

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