Cardiology (Week 5) Flashcards

1
Q

Name two main features that characterise heart failure?

A

Systemic vasoconstriction and neurohumoral activation

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2
Q

List three causes of heart failure

A
  1. MI
  2. Hypertension
  3. Idiopathic
  4. Alcohol
  5. Chemotherapy
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3
Q

Name a common sign of heart failure

A

Displaced apex beat
3rd heart sound
Elevated JVP

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4
Q

What class of drugs are used for symptomatic relief in heart failure but do not improve outcomes

A

Diuretics

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5
Q

What does a neprilysin inhibitor do in terms of heart failure treatment?

A

Inhibits neprilysin, an enzyme which breaks down natriuretic peptides whose function is to cause vasodilation and diuresis (maintain this as is beneficial to HF)

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6
Q

Why should ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers never be given together?

A

Because they both prevent the breakdown of bradykinin which causes cough and angioedema

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7
Q

What do low natriuretic peptides mean in terms of heart failure diagnosis?

A

That the patient does not have heart failure

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8
Q

What are Kerley B lines?

A

Fluid moving into the interstitial space and causing pressure build up in vessel s, appearing as small, white straight lines on the edge of chest X-ray

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9
Q

How does alveolar oedema present on chest X-ray and what is it indicative of?

A

Appears as fluffy white surrounding black tubes in the lungs and is a late sign of heart failure

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10
Q

In which condition would the loss of costophrenic angles be seen on chest X-ray?

A

Pleural effusion

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11
Q

What is the definition of myocardial infarction?

A

Elevated troponin in a clinical setting consistent with myocardial ischaemia

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12
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 MI?

A

Type 1 is due to plaque rupture and thrombus formation
whereas
Type 2 is due to increased oxygen demand or decreased oxygen supply

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13
Q

Describe unstable angina

A

An acute coronary event without a rise in troponin

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14
Q

What does ST elevation in MI indicate?

A

Coronary artery occlusion

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15
Q

Name the three types of atrial fibrillation in order of increasing duration?

A

Paroxysmal
Peristsent
Permanent

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16
Q

Name the two main features of AF on an ECG

A

Narrow, irregular QRS complex

No P waves

17
Q

Subclinical thyrotoxicosis can cause which heart arrhythmia?

A

Atrial fibrillation

18
Q

Describe the mechanism of action of Verapamil

A

Acts on Ca channels in the heart muscle to slow heart rate

19
Q

Name three components of vegetation which can go onto damage cusps of heart valves

A
Any three of:
Fibrin mesh 
Platelets 
WBCs
RBC debris 
Trapped organisms
20
Q

Strep. viridans is commonly associated with what type of endocarditis?

A

Native valve endocarditis

21
Q

Which strain of bacteria is commonly found in endocarditis of IVDU?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

22
Q

What are the two main categories of late stage infection in endocarditis?

A

Immunological and tissue damage

23
Q

In foetal circulation, via which structure does blood pass from the IVC to the left atrium?

A

Foramen Ovale

24
Q

Which term describes a heart with normal anatomy in a normal anatomical position?

A

Situs solitus

25
In Fontan circulation, what adaptations are made in order to allow perfusion of blood?
IVC and SVC are plumbed directly into the pulmonary arteries, allowing bypassing of the heart
26
What measurement defines systemic hypertension?
BP over 140/90mmHg
27
Name three potential causes of secondary hypertension
Hyperaldosteronism Coarctation of aorta NSAIDs
28
What is the first line treatment for under 55s with hypertension?
ACE inhibitor or low-cost angiotensin II receptor blocker