Female GU/Breast (Week 3) Flashcards
True or False?
Most breast pathology arises in the terminal duct lobular unit?
True
This is where the lobules and ducts branch
Define dysplasia
This is somewhere on the spectrum between normal tissue and non-invasive malignancy tissue
(But is NOT cancer)
Which of the following is NOT an inflammatory breast condition?
A) Acute mastitis
B) Fat necrosis
C) Ectopic breast tissue
D) Granulomatous conditions
C)
Ectopic breast tissue is a developmental condition
Small aggregates of which substance commonly form in fibrocystic change of breasts?
Calcium
What feature can be used to differentiate radical scar from breast cancer?
Myoepithelial cells are present in radical scar but not in breast cancer
Name 2 benign neoplasms of the breast
Fibroadenoma (firm mobile lump)
and
Intarduct papilloma
Between which ages does breast screening occur and how often?
For women aged between 50-70 every three years
What is meant by ‘sentinel node’?
The node in the axilla that cancer will likely spread to first
What does ‘carcinoma in-situ’ mean in terms of breast pathology?
This is another term for dysplastic breast tissue and can be ductal (DCIS) or lobular (LCIS)
In the TNM staging of breast cancer, what does TNM stand for?
T: tumour size in mm
N: how many axially nodes affected
M: metastasis?
What type of epithelium lines the ectocervix?
Stratified squamous non-keratinising
Which area of the female genital tract is lined by Columnar epithelium?
Endocervix
Which 2 strains of HPV are prevalent in Scotland?
HPV 16 and 18
Between which ages and how often is cervical screening carried out in Scotland?
25-50 every 3 years
50-65 every 5 years
Define koilocytosis
A change in epithelial cells after infection with HPV
Name the condition which involved non-infective inflammation of the vulva
Lichen plantus
or
Lichen sclerosus et atrophicus
During development, what does the fused portion of the Mullerian duct and urogenital sinus go on to form?
Uterus
Define the condition ‘adenomyosis’
The presence of endometrial tissue in the myometrium
Hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma of the endometrium is commonly associated with prolonged stimulation by which hormone?
Oestrogen
What is a leiomyoma?
Benign tumour of the myometrium
What is the name given to a malignant tumour of the myometrium?
Leiomyosarcoma
What is meant by a ‘complete molar pregnancy’
An egg with no genetic material is fertilised by one sperm which duplicates its chromosomal material
In the non-keratinising stratified squamous epithelium of the ectocervix and vagina, where are most dividing cells located?
Division occurs just above the basal layer, before cells migrate upwards while maturing and accumulating glycogen
What are endometriomas (chocolate cysts)?
Endometriosis in the ovaries causing blood filled cysts
Which mutations are associated with low grade serous carcinomas?
BRAF and KRAS mutations
P53 and BRCA mutations are associated with which type of ovarian cancer?
High grade serious carcinoma
Which cysts are formed by the proliferation of cells surrounding an oocyte?
Follicular and luteal cysts
Give an example of an alkylating agent chemotherapy drug
Melphalan (for multiple myeloma, ovarian and breast cancers)
How does the antimetabolite drug ‘Flurouracil’ work?
This IV drug prevents thymine formation which disrupts DNA synthesis
What is the mechanism of action of microtubule inhibitor drugs as chemotherapy agents?
Bind to microtubules to block tubular polymerisation, preventing spindle formation and altering cell division
