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systemic pathology i > Pathology of the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Pathology of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is cryptorchidism? What typically causes this?

A

incomplete descent of the testis and associated structures into the scrotum
(canine testicular descent is typically at 3 months)

higher intra-abdominal temperature causes hypoplasia and degeneration/atrophy, which causes lack of spermatogenes

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2
Q

Cryptorchid testicles are more likely to develop neoplasia. What neoplasias are common in dogs and stallions?

A

DOGS = Sertoli cell tumor, Seminoma

STALLIONS = Seminoma, Teratoma

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3
Q

Bilateral cryptorchidism:

A

unilateral Sertoli cell tumor

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4
Q

Sertoli cell tumor:

A

+ testicular torsion

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5
Q

What is testicular hypoplasia?

A

testes that have failed to grow to normal size, detected right after puberty
- congenital/genetic
- UNILATERAL or bilateral

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6
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of hypoplasia? What is the best known example?

A
  1. cryptorchidism
  2. endocrine disorder - reduced production of LH and FSH

Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) in tricolor male cats

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7
Q

Testicular hypoplasia, yearling ram:

A
  • testes and epididymis are very small compared with normal-aged controls
  • seminiferous tubules are lined only by Sertoli cells and there is no spermatogenesis
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8
Q

Tesitcular hypoplasia:

A

testicles/epididymis are small, but movable in the scrotum
- not apparent until after puberty

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9
Q

What is testicular degeneration and atrophy? What is it the most common cause of?

A

testes that reduce in size AFTER puberty

infertility

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10
Q

What 7 things is testicular degeneration/atrophy commonly secondary to?

A

1 epididymitis/scrotal diseases**
2. trauma
3. partial loss of blood flow
4. advancing age
5. chemotherapy
6. hormones
7. neoplasia

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11
Q

How does testicular degeneration/atrophy present? What is important to note in young, growing males?

A

testes is small and firm (fibrosis) and may be attached to the scrotal wall; epididymis tends to be more normal in size or even enlarges

distinction between degeneration and hypoplasia if difficult - they often present together because hypoplastic testes are prone to degeneration

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12
Q

Testicular degeneration/atrophy:

A

fibrosis!

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13
Q

How is testicular hypoplasia and degeneration/atrophy typically differentiated?

A

HYPOPLASIA = testicle is small and freely movable in the scrotum, epididymis is also small and poorly developed; irreversible

ATROPHY: testicle is small, firm, and may be attached to the scrotal wall, epididymis tends to be normal; regeneration possible

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14
Q

Why is true orchitis rare? What are the 4 portals of entry for orchitis?

A

usually associated with epididymitis

  1. HEMATOGENOUS = Brucella aborus in bulls; C. pseudotuberculosis and B. ovis in rams; B. suis in boars; B canis and Blastomyces dermatitidis in dogs
  2. DIRECT PENETRATION = bite wound, foreign body
  3. ASCENDING INFECTION** = E. coli, Proteus, Staph/Strep, Histophilus, Actinobacillus seminis
  4. PERITONEAL (periorchitis) - FIP in cats, peritonitis
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15
Q

Orchitis, Brucellosis:

A
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16
Q

When is it common in pigs for peritoneal spread to cause orchitis?

A

Glasser’s disease

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17
Q

What are the 2 most common types of epididymal disorders?

A

DEVELOPMENTAL: aplasia/hypoplasia, spermatic granuloma

INFLAMMATORY: infectious, non-infectious (spermatic granuloma)

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18
Q

In what species is segmental aplasia/hypoplasia in the epididymis most common? What 3 things does it typically lead to?

A

bulls —> involving the body and the tail (usually unilateral)

  1. back pressure and secondary testicular degeneration
  2. sperm impaction secondary to obstruction
  3. dilatation (spermatocele) and/or rupture
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19
Q

What is a spermatic granuloma? What are 3 causes?

A

epididymal rupture with extravasation of spermatozoae to the interstitium leading to a granulomatous response

  1. congenital = epididymal head due to blind-ended efferent ductules
  2. mechanical trauma = anywhere
  3. secondary to epididymitis = anywhere
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20
Q

Spermatic granuloma:

A

mass of spermatozoa in the interstitial CT of the epididymis is surrounded by macrophages and multinucleated giant cells

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21
Q

What are the noninfectious causes of epididymitis? Infectious?

A

NONINFECTIOUS = trauma, congenital and acquired obstructions with secondary sperm granuloma

INFECTIOUS:
- ascending bacterial infection from genitourinary tract: Actinobacillus seminis, H. somni in rams, E. coli, Proteus
- hematogenous: Brucella spp., B. ovis and B canis most common

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22
Q

Epididymitis, dog:

A
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23
Q

Epididymitis, Brucella ovis:

A
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24
Q

Necrotizing epididymitis and orchitis:

A

B. suis

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25
Q

In what species are testicular tumors most common? What are the 3 most common?

A

+++ dogs, + stallions, rare in other species

almost always benign - no indication of metastasis
1. Sertolic cell tumor
2. interstitial (Leydig) cell tumor
3. Seminoma, Teratoma (germ cells

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26
Q

How do interstitial (Leydig) tumors typically present? What are commonly also seen?

A

tan to yellow-orange, well-demarcated, soft, and spherical

  • cysts
  • hemorrhage
27
Q

How do Sertoli cell tumors typically present? When are they most common?

A

firm (abundant stroma), white, and round to multilobulated

cryptorchid canines

28
Q

What hormone do Sertoli cell tumors typically produce? What 4 things does this commonly cause?

A

estrogens

  1. feminization - gynecomastia, penile and testicular atrophy, loss of libido
  2. alopecia
  3. bone marrow suppresion - anemia, leukopenia, thorombocytopenia
  4. prostatic disease - squamous metaplasia
29
Q

Sertoli cell tumor presentation:

A
30
Q

Where are seminomas derived from? How do they typically present?

A

germinal cells of the testis (within the seminiferous tubules)

bulges from cross-section, are white to gray, glistening, and soft —> can be multicentric within the testicle

31
Q

How do seminomas compare to other testicular neoplasms?

A

tend to be more invasive and metastatic potential cannot be predicted

32
Q

Seminoma, stallion:

A

metastasis to splenic lymph nodes

33
Q

What are teratomas? In what species are they most common?

A

germ cell tumors that tend to be large, solid to cystic, and contain recognizable hair, bone, mucus, and teeth

younger stallions in cryptorchid testicles
- usually benign

34
Q

What is a varicocele? In what species are they most common? What does this commonly cause?

A

dilation of the spermatic veins in the pampiniform plexus

older rams

  • thrombosis
  • affects thermoregulation and can lead to testicular degeneration
35
Q

Varicocele:

A
  • larger than testis
  • multinodular from large thromboses filling the dilated veins
36
Q

When is torsion of the spermatic cord common?

A
  • cryptorchid testicles
  • testicles with neoplasms
37
Q

When is inflammation of the spermatic cord (funisitis) most common?

A

following contamination of castration wounds

38
Q

In what animals is vesicular adenitis most common? How is it diagnosed?

A

bulls

rectal palpation

39
Q

What is the main form of vesicular adenitis? What are the most common infectious causes?

A

chronic interstitial form - markedly enlarged and firm

Brucella, Staph/Strep, Mycoplasma, T. pyogenes

40
Q

In which animals is prostatitis most common? What is it associated with?

A

older, intact dogs

prostatic hyperplasia or squamous metaplasia (Sertoli cell tumor)

41
Q

What are the 2 most common causes of prostatitis?

A
  1. ascending infection from the urinary tract epithelium - Proteus, E. coli, Staph/Strep
  2. hematogenous - Brucella canis
42
Q

How does prostatitis afftect the animal?

A
  • can compress ureters, leading to LUTI and pyelonephritis
  • can compress the colon and cause constipation
43
Q

Prostate hyperplasia:

A
44
Q

Prostatitis:

A
45
Q

Prostatitis + urinary bladder:

A
46
Q

Prostatitis, colon compression:

A
47
Q

From what 2 places do prostatic neoplasias typically arise from? In what animals is this most common?

A
  1. prostatic epithelium (ducts and acini)
  2. urethral epithelium (urothelial)

dogs > 10 years old

48
Q

What are the 2 important features of prostatic neoplasia?

A
  1. frequently metastasizes, especially to bone
  2. causes asymmetrical enlargement
49
Q

Prostatic carcinoma:

A

asymmetrical enlargement of affected kidney

50
Q

Prostatic carcinoma:

A
  • assymetric enlargement
  • focal white areas are regions of necrosis
  • gland is enlarged due to neoplastic epithelial cells
51
Q

What is the difference between balanitis, posthitis, and balanoposthitis?

A

BALANITIS = inflammation of the head (glans) of the penis

POSTHITIS = inflammation of the prepuce

BALANOPOSTHITIS = inflammation of the glans and the prepuce

52
Q

What 3 diseases most commonly affect the penis?

A
  1. equine coital exanthema - equine herpesvirus-3
  2. infectious balanoposthitis - bovine herpesvirus-1
  3. ulcerative posthitis in castrated rams - Corynebacterium renale
53
Q

Ulcerative balanoposthitis:

A

equine coital exanthema
- equine herpesvirus-3

54
Q

Bovine infectious balanoposthitis:

A

bovine herpesvirus-1

55
Q

What are 2 major causes of ulcerative posthitis in castrated rams?

A
  1. castration leads to these animals urinating within their prepuce
  2. diets rich in protein have high concentrations of urea, allowing Corynebacterium renale to break it down into ammonia, which is cytotoxic
56
Q

What tends to cause granulomatous balanoposthitis in horses?

A

Habronemiasis

57
Q

What 3 neoplasias are most common in the penis and prepuce?

A
  1. penile squamous cell carcinoma in horses
  2. fibropapilloma of bulls
  3. canine TVT
58
Q

Where does penile squamous cell carcinoma arise? What previous infection can also cause it to arise?

A

sheath of the penis of older horses (stallions = geldings)

papillomas caused by Equus caballus papillomavirus type 2 (EcPV2)

59
Q

How do penile squamous cell carcinomas present?

A

medium to large tumors with areas of ulceration

60
Q

Penile squamous cell carcinoma:

A
61
Q

At what age are fibropapillomas most common in bulls? What causes it? How does it typically present?

A

young bulls, 1-2 years

bovine papillomavirus 1 and 2

exophitic mass that typically spontaneously regresses

62
Q

Fibropapilloma of bulls:

A
63
Q

How does canine TVT typically present? How are they aquired?

A

arises on the penis or within the prepuce and can be single, multiple, nodular, or papillary —> solid sheets of uniform round, ovoid, or polyhedral cells with large round vesicular nuclei

transplants from one dog to another at intercourse (allograft)

64
Q

How does canine TVT typically progress? What does it involve when it metastasizes?

A

spontaneous regression can occur and most are sensitive to chemotherapy with vincristine

involves the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, skin (from trauma and mechanical implantation), and other organs

systemic pathology i (25 decks)

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